Chapter 7 Objectives
1. Describe techniques used to study cell structure and function.
2. Distinguish between magnification and resolving power.
3. Describe the principles, advantages and limitations of the light microscope, transmission electron microscope and the scanning electron microscope.
4. Describe the major steps of cell fractionation and explain why it is a useful technique. 5. Distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
6. Explain why there are both upper and lower limits to cell size.
7. Explain why compartmentalization is important in eukaryotic cells.
8. Describe the structure and function of the nucleus, and briefly explain how the nucleus controls protein synthesis in the cytoplasm.
9. Describe the structure and function of a eukaryotic ribosome.
10. List the components of the endomembrane system, describe their structures and functions and summarize the relationships among them.
11. Explain how impaired lysosomal function causes the symptoms of storage diseases. 12. Describe the types of vacuoles and explain how their functions differ.
13. Explain the role of peroxisomes in eukaryotic cells.
14. Describe the structure of a mitochondrion and explain the importance of compartnentalization in mitochondrial function.
15. Distinguish among amyloplast, chromoplast and chloroplast.
16. Identify the three functional compartments of a chloroplast, and explain the importance of compartmentalization in chloroplast function.
17. Describe probable functions of the cytoskeleton.
18. Describe the structure, monomers and functions of microtubules, microfilaments and intermediate filaments.
19. Explain how the ultrastructure of cilia and flagella relates to their function.
20. Describe the development of plant cell walls.
21. Describe the structure and list some functions of the extracelluiar matrix in animal cells.
22. Describe the structure of intercellular junctions found in plant and animal cells, and relate their structure to function.
Chapter 8 Objectives:
1. Describe the function of the plasma membrane.
2. Explain how scientists used early experimental evidence to make deductions about membrane structure and function.
3. Describe the Davson-Danielli membrane model and explain how it contributed to our current understanding of membrane structure.
4. Describe the contribution J.D. Robertson, S.J. Singer and G.L. Nicolson made to clarify membrane structure.
5. Describe the fluid properties of the cell membrane and explain how membrane fluidity is influenced by membrane composition.
6. Explain how hydrophobic interactions determine membrane structure and function.
7. Describe how proteins are spatially arranged in the cell membrane and how they contribute to membrane function.
8. Describe factors that affect selective permeability of membranes.
9. Define diffusion; explain what causes it and why it is a spontaneous process.
10. Explain what regulates the rate of passive transport.
11. Explain why a concentration gradient across a membrane represents potential energy. 12. Define osmosis and predict the direction of water movement based upon differences in solute concentration.
13. Explain how bound water affects the osmotic behavior of dilute biological fluids.
14. Describe how living cells with and without walls regulate water balance.
15. Explain how transport proteins are similar to enzymes.
16. Describe one model for facilitated diffusion.
17. Explain how active transport differs from diffusion.
18. Explain what mechanisms can generate a membrane potential or electrochemical gradient.
19. Explain how potential energy generated by transmembrane solute gradients can be harvested by the cell and used to transport substances across the membrane.
20. Explain how large molecules are transported across the cell membrane.
21. Give an example of receptor-mediated endocytosis.
22. Explain how membrane proteins interface with and respond to changes in the extracellular environment.
23. Describe a simple signal-transduction pathway across the membrane including the roles of first and second messengers.