Marine Plants Fill in Questions

Red Algae is____________

Green Algae is ____________

Algae are Thallus, meaning they ____________true roots, stems, and leaves, fruits, connecting tissue etc. and photosynthesis occurs throughout the plant, not just the ____________

Parts: Holdfast, stipe, blade, air bladders.

(give functions)

Brown Algae...Phaeophyta..microscopic to 60' make up the largest and structurally most complex.

Pigments are____________ and carotone and chlorophyll.

Alginic Acid, gummy, slimy layer in cell wall used as an ____________ ____________(algin)

(Know uses)

Red Algae..Rhodophyta

Highest commercial value, and don't get as large as brown algae.

Characteristics of Reds

1. absence of flagellate stages

2. presence of other pigments mainly phycobilins

3.____________ ____________ as food reserve (scattered throughout cells)

4. Existence of special female cells (____________) and male gametes (called spermatia) for sexual reproduction.

Cell walls with inner rigid component and outer ____________ ________ or slime layer. This is like the alginates and very valuable. They can also deposit ____________ ____________ (lime) into the walls of some species (coralline algae)

Green Algae...Chlorophyta...stock from which land plants derived and in full agreement in regards to pigment, starch, cellulose etc. May exist as single cells, simple or branched filaments, blades, organized into tubes that are intertwined and usually grass green in color.

Life Histories of seaweeds involve an alternation of gamete producing phase (________________________) and spore producing phase (________________________).

Green algae...Ulva (sea lettuce) have two identical phases.

1. Sporophyte (diploid) produces flagellated ____________________ (haploid) (meiosis) and these

2. swim briefly and settle on the bottom and

3. grow into a gametophyte phase (male or female) and produce motile gametes which

4. fuse to form ____________________ (diploid).

....Codium, another green algae is more like animals and produces gametes by meiosis (not zoospores p.99) which fuse and form a zygote and grows into the familiar plant.

Brown algae...Nereocystis (bull kelp). The kelp is the sporophyte or diploid phase and

1. certain areas of the fronds (sori) become ____________________

2. meiosis occurs and haploid zoospores are formed.

3. They settle to the ____________________ and grow into microscopic gametophytes.

4. The female produces eggs but ____________________them and the male produces sperm which are released and

5. attracted to eggs, fertilize them and

6. zygotes are formed which germinate into the __________________ ______________________.

(how are chances for fertilization increased?)

....Fucus, another brown algae or rockweed, is again, like animals where the 1. diploid plant forms gametes through meiosis, 2. fertilization occurs and 3.the zygote immediately germinates back to the ____________________ Gametes produced in cavities called CONCEPTACLES.

Red algae Porphyra or ____________________is a valuable food source but has an atypical life history with the gametophyte being the large leafy plant and the sporophyte being the tiny "conchocelis" found living in discarded ____________________.

The Typical red cycle is that of Polysiphonia.

1. Sporophyte produces ____________________ (site of meiosis) which produce 4 haploid ____________________.

2. Gametophytes grow from the spores and their gametes (spermatia and carpogonia) fuse and

3. are retained and develop into a special mass of diploid cells (the carposporophyte)

4. which breaks up into many ____________________ (diploid) and

5. these grow into a sporophyte generation which resembles the gametophyte (isomorphic) and..(goto 1)

Marine Angiosperms (flowering plants)...______________ occur in the marine environment but those that do are usually very productive and adapted for their lifestyle. Of the 3 groups, mangroves, marsh grass and seagrass, only the ____________________ are adapted to live completely submerged in water. Pollination occurs ____________________water.

Mangroves have a special root system using____________________ roots to ventilate the system below the substrate (especially in anaerobic mud and under water). Some genera have seeds that germinate_______________he parent plant and drop as seedlings rather than seeds.

Saltmarsh plants usually consists of succulent shrubs and herbs and grass-like species which can tolerate ____________________ salinity fluctuations.

Types: ____________________...spend entire life in open waters

____________________...spends part of life as plankton and part as a benthic or bottom dweller.

____________________...normally attached but break off and can then be found in the plankton.

Cyanobacteria...blue-green algae...chlorophyll, phycobilins, ____________________, beta-carotene and xanthophylls are the pigments so color range is great..red, blue-green, black, olive, yellow, violet. The presence of this ultraplankton is only being discovered with many playing a role in________________________________________ (for Nitrates) One type can form "red tides". (Trichodesmium erythraea).

Chlorophyta..few marine planktonic reps. but lots of macroscopic, benthic types.

Chrysophyta...golden/yellow color because in addition to chl. a & c there is a dominant ____________________, fucoxanthin and many members have a cell covering of small siliceous scales. The silicoflagellates have an internal ____________________ skeleton. Rare today.

Haptophyta.. This was broken off the above class because of different types of flagella. Phaeocystis forms gelatinous clumps, visible and can effect migration patterns of fish. Also, blooms long ago followed by anaerobiosis, caused them to sediment and gave rise to____________________ in the North Sea. The coccolithophores have small ____________________ plates covering them and the patterns go way back in fossil records and are used by oil companies.

Xanthophyta...like Chrysophyceae but have ____________fucoxanthin pigment.

Euglenophyta...euglena..class contains only unicellular flagellates, chlo. A and B and a flexible cell covering...no wall!

Bacillariophyta...diatoms...most important group in terms of primary productivity.

1. Usually unicellular but chains do occur

2. Pigments chlor. a & c and fucoxanthin (gold/brown)

3. Food reserve is chrysolaminarin and oils (buoyant)

4. Only flagellate cells in reproduction (uniflag.)

5. Walls made of glass called____________________.

6. Looks like petri dish

7. Two symmetries.._____________and ______________ which divide diatoms into 2 sub-divisions..Centric & Pennates

Reproduction...valve to valve...one product of the division retains the parental epivalve (_______________) and the other the parental hypovalve (_______________) which results in the bottom being slightly smaller than the parent because a new inside always grows back. Continued vegetative reproduction__________________ the size until it gets to its smallest size and this diploid cell produces gametes which fuse to form a full size zygote. Only the _______________cells will undergo sexual reproduction and if they get too small, they can't even do that.

Dinophyta or the Dinoflagellates

Mostly unicellular with 2 flagella and include the non-motile____________________ (found in corals).