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*These
primitive vertebrates successfully adapted to life in the sea. 4 groups of
Marine Reptiles are SEA TURTLES, SEA SNAKES, SALTWATER CROCODILE, AND MARINE LIZARDS. They live in primarily shallow coastal waters
of tropical or subtropical oceans, but some turtles move into cooler waters to
search for food.
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*The reptiles
are usually restricted to warmer waters because they are cold blooded and
depend on the external temperature of the water to control their metabolic
rates. Their biochemical reactions slow down in cooler water.
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*Marine
reptiles are equipped with SALT GLANDS which remove excess salts (unlike their
land and freshwater relatives). In lizards and turtles, these glands are above
the eyes and can secrete a concentrated salt solution which end up bathing the
eyes
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*This removes
excess body salts, the tears cleanse the eyes. The ability to pump out the
excess salts varies and determines which environment the organism can live.
MARINE
REPTILES, BIRDS, ANSWERS
1. bony fishes
2.
reptiles
3. ectotherms
4.
lay their eggs
5.
ovoviparous
6endotherms
7. Antarctic winter
8. Antarctica to the Arctic
9. to protect them from
predators
to stop them from drying out
to incubate them at the correct
temperature
10. smell/chemicals
11. lay
eggs
12. Bradycardia
13. they
don't lay eggs.
14. Galapagos Islands
15pelican.
16. frigate bird
17. Cormorant
18. Frigate bird
19. taste sense very
well developed
20. remove
excess salt from the body
21. Loggerhead
e 22.
a 23.
c 24.
d 25.
26. Calipee
27. 8
28. Plastron
29. In
the sand on the beach
30. Plastic Bags
Shrimp Nets
Six Pack Rings
31. Leatherback
32. clutch
33. male
34
T.E.D.
35. sea
turtles, sea snakes, and pinnipeds.
True or False
A 36
B 37
B 38
A 39
A 40
B 41
B 42
B 43
A 44
B 45
A 46.
b 47
a 48 .
a 49 .
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*Marine
Lizards
Only one
marine lizard exists and is the Marine iguana (Amblyrhynchus
subcristatus) which lives in large colonies on
the Galapagos. They have become secondarily adapted to marine life. They spend most
of their time basking in the sun on warm rocks along the shore, warming up
after swimming in the cold water to eat seaweed.
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*Adaptations
Flattened tail for swimming (like snakes)/ webbing on all four feet /powerful
claws to anchor in heavy seas / salt glands to get rid of salt taken in while
eating macrophytic marine algae (seaweed) / can
regulate buoyancy by expelling air and / develops BRADYCARDIA, a marked
decrease of heartbeats per minute in response to diving (from normal 43/min to
7-9/min).
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*The marine
iguana derives nourishment exclusively from sea flora and subjects itself to
considerable exertion during its feeding dives, and though they can stay under
for a considerable amount of time, they usually spend most of the day on the
lava boulders along the shore.
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*This
probably has to do with the animal being cold blooded and loosing its heat to
the surrounding water quickly. It props itself up on the rocks to absorb heat.
(temp. tolerance from 21°C (70°F)
to 49°C(120°F).
The
marine iguana populations appear to be flourishing unlike the land iguanas
which are under considerable stress from introduced animals.
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*Saltwater
Crocodile (Crocodylus porosus)
inhabits mangrove areas and estuaries in the eastern Indian Ocean, Australia
and some western Pacific Islands, and while most live on the coast, they are
known to venture into the open sea. The largest is 30' but usually are 20'.
They are very aggressive, eat people etc.
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*SEA SNAKES
There are about
fifty kinds of sea snakes with most occurring and probably evolved in warm
south Asian and Australian coastal waters. A few species are found as far away
as Japan and the Persian Gulf. One, the yellow-bellied Pelamis,
has crossed to the tropical Americas west coast and lives by the millions in
the bay of Panama.
Chordata
*While sea
snakes differ in form and behavior, there are a few features in common. They
have flattened, rudder like tails, nostrils set on the
top of the snout instead of on each side and equipped with flaps to keep them
closed underwater, and smaller size of the broad belly plates that land snakes
use in crawling. They have a gland in the mouth that helps get rid of salt from
the seawater they drink.
Chordata
*They have only
one lung like most snakes but it is very long, lined with blood vessels to aid
in O2 absorption and at the end is a simple sac to store air. Controlled heartbeats, BRADYCARDIA, reduces pulse rates by
50% when under water. Diving time varies with species, activities and water
temp. The more active the less time under and the warmer water decreases diving times.
Chordata
*Reproduction:
Sperm is implanted into oviducts of the female and she can store these for
weeks or years until the eggs are ripe, fertilization is in the oviduct and
many species have the embryo develop there and are born alive. Most are
ovoviviparous and have no need to come ashore but a few do to lay eggs
Chordata
*Olive sea
snake...unmarked mustard yellow skin Aipysurus
laevis up to 6', large mouth and blunt cobra head
and dark cobra eyes. Its a fish eater and with cannot
catch fish unless it corners them in a crevice...would die in a fish tank with
free swimming fish.
Chordata
*Yellow
bellied -Palamis platurus
-gulf of California to Ecuador is
equipped with fangs in the front of their upper jaws which to inject their
potent venom.. They float on the surface attracting
small fish to it like a piece of wood drifting in the water.
Chordata
*Sea snakes
are related to the cobras, and are the most venomous of all snakes though they
are not very aggressive. A large number of humans ..Asian
fisherman mainly, have died from sea snake bites..some of which possess venom many times more
powerful than any land snake. They do have short fangs and small heads and some
won't bite even when provoked, but bites and fatalities do occur.
Chordata
*The bite is
painless but after several hours the legs of the victim become paralyzed, his
eyes close and jaws lock. He may live for several days before convolutions and
respiratory failure bring death.
Apart from
Asians who eat sea snakes, sea eagles are known to feed regularly on the
reptiles, seizing them when they come up for air, grab them and drop them on
the rocks.
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Sea snakes of several
different species belong to a group related to the cobras but are
aquatic rather than land dwelling. They are only moderately large, rarely
exceeding 2 m in length, often with peculiarly small heads for their
body-size. The body is compressed as an adaptation for swimming and the snakes
are so thoroughly aquatic that they are either clumsy or helpless when brought
ashore.
Chordata
Only genus Laticauda has the typical broad ventral scales of snakes,
and it is often considered the least advanced of the sea snakes. Nevertheless,
similar to cetaceans, their lungs still require them to surface occasionally to
breathe.
Sea snakes
are venomous.
They have short hollow fangs
near the front of the upper jaw,
and the poison acts on the nervous
system like the related cobra's.
Unlike land snakes, however, sea snakes are not inclined to bite, and as such
are not harmful unless abused.
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Sea snakes
have a less efficient venom injection apparatus as compared to vipers or
cobras. Antivenom is not
available commercially.
Sea snakes
are confined to the tropical
oceans,
chiefly the Indian
ocean and the
western Pacific
ocean. The yellow-bellied sea snake, Pelamis platurus,
extends to the eastern Pacific. The olive sea snake, Aipysurus
laevis, tends to live in reefs.
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Sea
kraits are a type of sea snake. Sea snakes are divided into two subfamilies, laticaudinae and hydrophiinae,
with the former distinguished from other sea snakes by the fact they are
amphibious (living on land and water), rather than aquatic (never leaving the
water). Sea kraits are ovoviviparous, returning to land to lay their eggs,
versus other viviparous species that bear their young in the water (subfamily hydrophiinae, aquatic sea snakes).
Chordata
Amphibious
sea kraits, members of subfamily laticaudinae, have
specialized ventral scales for crawling on land. Unlike eels, sea snakes are reptiles
and have scales. This one is about 18 inches (46 cm) in length.
All 50 or so
species of sea snakes are venomous, and some are known to have venom ten times
as strong as rattlesnake
venom, making them among the most potentially dangerous of all animals.
Fortunately for divers, they have short fangs and are usually quite docile.
Chordata
. A sea
snake's paddle-shaped tail is useful for swimming, but otherwise these reptiles
look very much like their land cousins, even down to the forked tongue they use
during their searches.
Most cases of
people being bitten by sea snakes involve fishermen bitten when sorting through
a catch from a net. The venom is composed of powerful neurotoxins (affecting
the nervous
system) and sometimes myotoxins
(affecting skeletal muscles), with a fatal dose being about 1.5 milligrams.
Most sea snakes can produce 10-15 mg of venom.
Chordata
*SEA TURTLES
Class: Reptilia Order: Chelonia Family: Cheloniidae
Sea turtles
have been hunted for meat, eggs, shells, leather, and decorative objects and
are now becoming victims of pollution. While they are relics of the past, they
aren't obsolete nor predestined for extinction. They
are beautifully adapted for life at sea and are found in most ocean habitats.
Chordata
*They are
strong swimmers and protected from predators by size and shell. They can stay
under for a long time and some can live in salt water without ever having to drink
fresh water. These adaptations make them slow and vulnerable when they leave
the sea to lay eggs on land, the only time they have to leave the sea.
Chordata
*Characteristics:
Non-retractable heads and limbs. They have powerful paddle-shaped front flippers
to swim and hind fins are used for stabilizing and steering, shells are
streamlined and flattened top to bottom to decrease water resistance, fatty
deposits and very light spongy bones increase buoyancy enabling them to float
easily. (green fat in green turtle.)
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*There is
little or no competition between the species.
Feeding:
Most turtles feed in shallow coastal waters (food extremely abundant) . The green turtle feeds on meadows of turtle grass (Thalassia) throughout the tropics..
the carnivorous turtles, loggerheads, feed on crabs,
shellfish, sponges, fish, and horseshoe crabs.
Chordata
*The
hawksbill can pry mussels off rocks and also eats clams, jellyfish and algae.
The Pacific Ridley feeds on sea urchins and other inverts. living
in eel grass beds. The leatherback feeds on jellyfish far from shore and is
equipped with a mouth lined with sharp spines to hold its prey and a digestive
system adapted to withstand the stings.
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*Its also the
largest of the sea turtles and are the only turtle whose shell is covered by a
leathery skin and whose backbone is NOT fused to the carapace
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*· Atlantic
Leatherback: Dermochelys coriecea
· Distribution:
Tropical, Temporal and Sub-arctic Oceans
· Color
& Description: Black or brown (no shell) leathery skin, no plates on shell
and no scales on its head or body. The top shell has seven ridges which run
lengthwise.
· Adult
Weight: 700-1,600 lbs.
· Diet:
Mainly Jellyfish, also sea urchins, octopus, tunicates, crustaceans, fish,
algae.
· Habitat:
Open ocean, bays, estuaries
· Other:
Only turtle known to be warm blooded and capable of maintaining body
temperatures near 82"F. (even in 45' water)
· Status:
Endangered
See UNat. article the Leatherback
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*· Atlantic
Loggerhead: Caretta caretta
· Distribution:
Subtropical, Nova Scotia to Argentina, Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico.
· Color:
Red or Brown
· Weight:
250-400/1000 to 1200 lbs the largest of the hardshell
turtles.
· Diet:
Mollusks, sponges, jellyfish, squid, barnacles ,
crabs, fish, seaweed.
· Habitat:
Open ocean, estuaries, bays, mouths of
rivers...brackish waters.
· Reproduction:
1. Nests above high water mark on open beaches
· 2.
April to October
· 3.
Avg. clutch 120 eggs.
· 4.
Incubation- 55-70 days Status:
Threatened
Chordata
Green Turtle: Chelonia
mydas
· Distribution:
Tropical Oceans except east Pacific.
· Color:
Light and dark brown, olive green, bluish black
· Weight:
up to 850 lbs.
· Diet:
Algae, turtle grass Thalassia (young feed on
jellyfish, mollusks and crustaceans)
· Habitat:
Open oceans, estuaries, and in summer, sounds and rivers.
· Reproduction:
1. May nest several times in a season.
· 2.
Avg. clutch 70-140 eggs.
· 3.
Very sensitive when emerging to nest.
· 4.
Nest during night
· Other:
Undergo long ocean migrations and have been observed sunning themselves in the
tropics.
Status:
Endangered
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*· Hawksbill
Turtle: Eretmochelys imbricata
· Distribution:
Tropical oceans near coral and rocky reefs.
· Color:
Amber streaked with red, yellow, brown and black
· Weight:
80 - 280 lbs.
· Diet:
Young eat plants, adults eat jellyfish, coral,
sponges, mollusks, sea urchins, fish (omnivorous).
· Habitat:
Oceanic and coral reefs, some lagoons and estuaries
Status:
Endangered
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*· Ridleys:
Lepidochelys kempi
· Distribution:
Tropical oceans
· Color:
gray to olive green
· Weight:
100 lbs
· Diet:
Crabs, jellyfish, snails, clams, fish.
· Habitat:
Shallow waters, mangrove habitats.
Statue:
Endangered
Chordata
*Migration:
Without any landmarks to guide them, some sea turtles swim a thousand miles or
more across open oceans to lay their eggs on tiny island beaches they have not
been to since they were hatched 10-50 years before. Their powers of navigation
bring them back to their ancestral nesting areas every 2-4 years.
Chordata
*Migratory routes
have been studied by tagging adults at nesting site. When they approach their
nesting sites, usually small desolate beaches with few terrestrial predators,
they remain offshore and mate. Its possible that the developed eggs in the
female have already been fertilized and that this mating is for future eggs.
The sperm can be stored from 2-4 years.
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*Nesting
While the
males wait offshore, the females swim through the surf and crawl up on the
beach and begin to dig their nests with their front and hind flippers, often
flinging sand into their eyes. This is washed out by their salty tears.
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*Using the
hind flippers, a cylindrical egg chamber is scooped out and about 100 eggs are
deposited. They are covered with sand to protect them 1. from
land crabs gulls and rats and 2. from drying out.and 3. keeps them at the right
temperature. Females may repeat this up to five times during the summer
breeding season (500 eggs total) before returning to the feeding grounds.
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*Hatchlings
After 60 days
the baby turtles (2oz) scamper towards the sea equipped with about a weeks
supply of yolk. They head toward the faint glow of the rising sun to locate the
ocean, hatching at night. Instincts drive these hatchlings towards the lighter
horizon so if they emerge during the day, all types of problems follow ,not to mention the frigate birds and buzzards
feeding on them.
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*For years
the most popular explanation has been that turtles smell their way back to
their natal beaches. It is believed that hatchlings can imprint on distinct
chemical characteristics of the beach and years later, when they reach breeding
age, remember and retrace trails of these chemicals carried by ocean currents.
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*The
population of green turtles was studied in this effect. They migrate between
their feeding grounds off the coast of Brazil
and nesting grounds on Ascension Island, midway between south
America and Africa...a 2800 mile round trip.
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Many years of
tagging show that adults of some species go back to the same beach and
sometimes almost the same spot on that beach to lay eggs. Establishing that
those adults (or any adults) were hatched there, will
require tagging of a hatching and seeing that the same turtle comes back when
it is sexually mature...10-50 years later.
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*Why adult
turtles would return to their natal beach is another story. They presumably
make long-distance journeys to get to habitats they need during only part of
their life cycle. Herbivorous green turtles, for example, feed in calm, shallow
coastal waters but need steep, sandy beaches to get above the high tide line
when it is time to lay their eggs
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*. Because
these habitats are often nowhere near one another, migration during the
breeding season makes sense. HOWEVER, some green turtle populations appear to
swim by and ignore perfect nesting beaches while making their long migration. Its possible that geological and biological factors we can't
see are important.
Chordata
* Example, a
wide current moving away from Ascension Island probably carries the vulnerable,
planktonic (drifting) hatchlings quickly away from
the coastal predators.
Chordata
*This little
extra in terms of survival and reproductive success could be worth the extra
thousand(s) miles of migration. ALTERNATIVELY, some migratory routes may be
vestiges of ancient behavior no longer adaptive.
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*Perhaps
small distant islands were once larger or closer together than they are today
and with the spreading sea floor, turtles nesting on
islands once only a few miles from shore...attractive because of the lack of
egg-eating predators...were gradually forced to swim farther and farther out to
sea.
Chordata
*Research has
shown in the case of the green turtles, that the current
going past Ascension Island, sweeps right into the faces of those turtles
grazing in the feeding grounds off Brazil. Also its been established
that turtles have a well developed nasal epithelium and excellent olfactory
acuity
Chordata
*Even if this
olfactory imprinting does turn out to be what governs the sea turtle migration,
the mechanism is an imperfect one because turtles often colonize new nesting
habitats, which would be essential for the species to survive because beaches
only last for 100, 1000, or 10,000 years but the turtles have been around for
100million years!
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*Problems
In 1947, more
than 40,000 Kemps Ridley sea turtles came ashore in a single day to lay their
eggs on the species main nesting beach in Mexico. Thirty years later, the
wholesale collection of eggs and slaughter of nesting females has so decimated
the species that no more than 250 animals have nested in a single day since
1978 and is down now to less than 117 during their largest nesting.
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*. Every year
thousands of endangered and threatened turtles drown in the nets of shrimp
fisherman who deploy their nets off our coast in the same waters used by sea
turtles. When the turtle finds itself in the way of a net, it usually swims
faster but soon it tires and is caught in the net and drowns. 96,000 since 1981
(reported).
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* *BIRDS
Marine birds
living at the seashore or far out to sea have become secondarily adapted to the
ocean. They possess webbed feet and salt glands that empty into their nose, excrete
nitrogenous wastes as insoluble uric acid to conserve water, feed on fish,
squid garbage carrion etc. and must return to shore to nest.
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*They are
plentiful where food is abundant (upwellings, salt
marshes etc.) Competition is reduced between species because of specific
adaptations enabling them to
· 1.feed
on different foods
· 2.
nest in different places and
3.remain active
at different times of the day.
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*1.
Stilt-legged birds Long legs help bird search shallows
for food. Herons and egrets wade salt marsh
waters, where sand pipers are found along the beaches. The length of the neck,
beak, and legs determines where and what types of food are available.
Chordata
*2. Terns and
skimmers (Sterna hirundo and Rynchops nigra)
Long-pointed wings and a forked tail enabling them to hover over the water
using keen eyes with polarizing filters to see small fish swimming in the
water.
Chordata
*3. Gulls ( Larus sp.)There are 43
species of gulls and their survival depends on their lack of
specialization...they feed on anything along the shore, serving as useful
scavengers.
Chordata
*4.
Cormorants (Phalacrocorax) Usually seen swimming low over
the water searching for schools of fish...when located, they settle into the
water and make repeated surface dives, using their webbed feet to swim
underwater. Its long neck and pointed beak help it probe among blades of sea
grass and rock crevasses as it chases small fish.
Chordata
*5. Brown
Pelicans (Pelecanus occidentalis)
A big bird with a large pouch below its bill which it
uses to catch fish. They live in large colonies and when fish are located, they
plunge into the water with their bills open, bob to the surface with the pouch
filled with a gallon of sea water and fish. By pushing their heads against
their necks, the bird expels the seawater through grooves on their bills
Chordata
*6. Frigate
Birds (Fregatta) Found throughout the tropics
and capable of flying far out to sea, and beautiful soaring flight that can out
maneuver almost any bird but it cannot settle on the water. they
never swim, float or enter the water and must return to shore at the end of the
day to rest.
Chordata
*They dive
toward the water plucking flying fish out of the air, and grabbing small fish
and squid from the surface while only wetting the tips of their beaks. They
also harass other birds into vomiting their catch and feed on this.
Chordata
*7. Pelagic
Birds Many seabirds spend almost their entire life beyond sight of the shore
and these are pelagic birds. (return only to breed).
Included are Puffins and albatrosses, sooty shearwaters (migrate 20,000 miles)
and storm petrels and gannets.
Chordata
*8. Penguins
·
Chordata
*8. Penguins
Adaptations
· 1.
Buoyancy Birds contain fatty deposits and thin light bones, possess oil glands
near their tails (water proofs feathers) (preen) and presence of many air sacs
in the thorax, abdomen and long bones of their legs and wings
·
Chordata
•2. Heat Loss
Body temp. between 106°F-103°F
using air trapped under the feathers to insulate their bodies. Penguins also
have blubber under their skin keeping them warm in -80°F
.
•3. Diving By exhaling air from their air sacs and lungs, squeezing air
from under their feathers, they can reduce their ability to float to dive under
the surface. Their heart rate slows when they dive.
Chordata
*4. Migration
seasonal migration between feeding and nesting grounds occurs with breeding
usually occurring near the poles and feeding in the mid-latitudes. Young birds
inherit detailed genetic instructions that allow them to migrate thousands of
miles across the water. The longest, the arctic tern (Sterna paradisaea) nests in the arctic in the summer and flies
south for the winter to within sight of the Antarctic ice (20,000 miles).
Chordata
*5. Senses Sight...excellent binocular vision to perceive fish swimming
in deep water. A nictitating membrane, third eyelid protects eyes when
diving. Hearing and smell don't appear to be vital in marine birds, although
birds hear higher frequency than humans. Taste is the least underdeveloped
sense, and birds have no teeth and few taste buds, swallowing food quickly
without chewing or tasting it.
Chordata
*Ecological
importance
Vital
components of marine food web, feeding on and adding to the water droppings to
fertilize surface water to stimulate growth of marine plants.
Birds are attracted to certain areas and leave guano. Industry.
Chordata
•Which bird
has a large pouch on its beak and forces water out after catching a fish?
• Which
bird steals food from other birds?
•Which sea
birds are used by Asian fishermen to catch fish?
•Which sea
bird harasses other sea birds into regurgitating their food in order to eat it?
Chordata
*What is the
longest migration for birds?
Do birds have
fat reserves?
Penguins
Scientific
Classification
A.
Class-Aves
This class
includes all birds. All birds have an outer covering of feathers, are
endothermic (warm-blooded), have front limbs modified as wings, and lay eggs.
B. Order-Sphenisciformes
This order
includes all living and extinct penguins.
Penguins
C. Family-Spheniscidae
Spheniscidae
includes all penguins, living and extinct, and is the only family
classification in the order Sphenisciformes .
D. Genus,
species
1
. Most scientists recognize 17 species of penguins :
Penguins
*Emperor Aptenodytes forsteri
King Aptenodytes patagonicus
Adélie
Pygoscelis
adeliae
Gentoo
Pygoscelis papua
Chinstrap Pygoscelis antarctica
Rockhopper
Eudyptes chrysocome
Macaroni Eudyptes chrysolophus
Royal Eudyptes schlegeli
Fiordland
crested Eudyptes pachyrhynchus
Penguins
*Erect-crested
Eudyptes sclateri
Snares Island
Eudyptes robustus
Yellow-eyed
Megadyptes antipodes
Fairy (also
known as little blue) Eudyptula minor
Magellanic
Spheniscus magellanicus
Humboldt Spheniscus humboldti
African
(formerly known as black-footed) Spheniscus demersus
Penguins
*Galapagos Spheniscus mendiculus
Some
scientists recognize an 18th species: the white-flippered
variety of fairy penguin, Eudyptula albosignata.
Fossil record
1
. Scientists recognize 32 species of
extinct penguins
Penguins
*2. Penguins
probably evolved from flying birds more than 40 million years As the ancestors of penguins became adapted to an oceanic
environment, structural changes for diving and swimming required the loss of
flying adaptations.
All penguin
fossil fragments has been limited to the Southern
Hemisphere.
Penguins
*Scientists
believe that ancient penguins began disappearing about the same time that the
number of prehistoric seals and small whales started increasing in the oceans.
The closest living
relatives to penguins are in the order Procellariiformes
(the albatrosses, shearwaters, and petrels) and the order Gaviiformes
(loons and grebes). DNA studies also suggest a relationship with the frigatebirds.
Penguins
Habitat
1. Penguins generally
live on islands and remote continental regions that are free of land predators,
where their inability to fly is not detrimental to their survival.
2. These
highly specialized marine birds are adapted to living at sea. Some species
spend as much as 75% of their lives at sea.
Penguins
*They usually
are found near nutrient-rich, cold-water currents that provide an abundant
supply of food
Penguin
species are found on every continent in the Southern Hemisphere. They are
abundant on many temperate and subantarctic islands.
Population
Chinstrap
penguins may be the most numerous, at 6.5 million
breeding pairs
Penguins
*Physical
Characteristics
A. Size
•
The emperor penguin is the largest of all
living penguins, standing 1.1 m (3.7 ft.) and weighing 27 to 41 kg (60-90 lb.).
•
The smallest of the penguins is the fairy
penguin, standing just 41 cm (16 in.) and weighing about 1 kg (2.2 lb.).
Penguins
*emperor
Aptenodytes
forsteri
size:
11 2 cm (44 in.), 27 to 41 kg (60-90 lb.)
distribution: circumpolar on Antarctic continent within limits of
pack-ice (Marchant, 1990); one of two species
restricted to the Antarctic (the other is the Adelie);
Penguins
*generally
avoid open water beyond limits of floating ice (Marchant,
1990).
population: 135,000 to 175,000 pairs
current status: not globally threatened, stable with some local
fluctuations
Penguins
*fairy
Eudyptula minor
size:
41 cm (16 in.), about 1 kg (2.2 lb.)
The fairy penguin, also known as the little blue, has slate-blue to black feathers
and a white chin and chest.
Penguins
*distribution:
southern Australia and New Zealand
population: less than 1 million total birds
current status: not globally threatened
Penguins
B. Body
shape
1 .The
penguin body is fusiform and streamlined, adapted for
swimming. A penguin has a large head, short neck, and elongated body.
2. The tail
is short and wedge-shaped.
3. The legs
and webbed feet are set far back on the body, which causes penguins to stand
upright when on land.
Penguins
*. Coloration
•
All adult penguins are countershaded; that is they are dark on their dorsal (back)
surfaces and white on their ventral (underside) surfaces.
•
Many species have distinct markings and
coloration.
Penguins
a. The emperor
has a black head, chin, and throat with broad yellow ear patches on the sides
of the head.
b. The king
penguin has a black head, chin, and throat with vivid orange, tear-shaped ear
patches. The orange coloration extends to the upper chest.
Penguins
*king
Aptenodytes patagonicus
size:
94 cm (37 in.), 13.5 to 16 kg (30-35 lb.)
distribution: subantarctic islands and
peninsulas (Marchant, 1990);
Penguins
*usually
forage in ice-free waters (Marchant, 1990); mainly over
shelf and slope areas (Stahl, et al., 1990). Most juveniles oceanic; observed
several hundred kilometers from nearest colony (Ainley,
et al., 1984).
population: more than 1 million pairs
Current status: not globally threatened; stable or increasing
Penguins
c. The Adélie has a black head. Distinctive white eye rings appear
during the breeding season .
d. The gentoo has a black head with white eyelids, and a distinct
triangular white patch above each eye, usually extending over the head
Penguins
*Adélie
Pygoscelis adeliae
size:
46 to 61 cm (1 8-24 in.), 3.6 to 4.5 kg (8-1 0 lb.)
distribution: circumpolar on Antarctic
continent within limits of pack-ice (Marchant, 1990);
Penguins
*is
restricted to the Antarctic (along with emperor penguins).
population: 4,169,390 breeding pairs
(del Hoyo, et al., 1992)
current status: not globally threatened; stable or increasing
Penguins
*gentoo
Pygoscelis papua
size:
61 to 76 cm (24-30 in.), 5.5 to 6.4 kg (12-14 lb.)
distribution: circumpolar in subantarctic and antarctic waters;
Penguins
*avoid pack
ice and continental coasts, except near the Antarctic peninsula; usually remain
near breeding islands throughout year (Marchant,
1990)
population: 260,000 to 300,000 pairs
current status: not globally threatened; generally stable
Penguins
*e.
The top of a chinstrap's head is black and the face is white, with a stripe of
black extending under the chin.
Penguins
*chinstrap
Pygoscelis antarctica
size:
46 to 61 cm (1 8-24 in.), 4 kg (9 lb.)
Penguins
*distribution:
antarctic and subantarctic
islands population: 6.5 million pairs
current status: not globally threatened
Penguins
*f.
The crested penguins (genus Eudyptes),
such as the rockhopper and macaroni, are distinguished
by orange or yellow feather crests on the sides of the head, above the eyes.
Penguins
*rockhopper
Eudyptes chrysocome
size: 41 to 46 cm (i
6-18 in.), about 2.3 to 2.7 kg (5-6 lb.)
Penguins
*distribution:
subantarctic islands population: 3.5 million
pairs
current status: not globally threatened; possibly stable
Penguins
*macaroni
Eudyptes chrysolophus
size: 51 to 61 cm (20-24 in.), 4.5 kg (1 0 lb.)
Penguins
*distribution:
subantarctic islands in the Atlantic and Indian
Oceans
population: 11,654,000 pairs
current status: not globally threatened, generally increasing
Penguins
*royal
Eudyptes schlegeli
size:
66 to 76 cm (26-30 in.), 5.5 kg (1 2 lb.)
Penguins
*
distribution: Macquarie and Campbell Islands; also around the New
Zealand coast
population: 850,000 pairs
current status: not globally threatened; stable
Penguins
*Fiordland crested
Eudyptes pachyrhynchus
size: 61 cm (24 in.), 2.7 to 3 kg (6-7 lb.)
Penguins
*distribution:
subantarctic islands and New Zealand
population: 5,000 to 1 0,000 pairs
current status: not globally threatened; considered near-threatened,
though stable
Penguins
*erect-crested
Eudyptes sclateri
size:
63.5 cm (25 in.), 2.7 to 3.5 kg (6-7.7 lb.)
Penguins
*
distribution: Australia; New Zealand; and Bounty, Campbell, and Auckland
Islands
population: more than 200,000 pairs
current status: not globally threatened; generally stable
Penguins
*Snares Island
Eudyptes robustus
size: 63.5 cm (25 in.), 2.7 to 3 kg (6-7
lb.)
Penguins
*distribution:
restricted to Snares Island, south of New Zealand
population: 33,000 pairs
current status: not globally threatened; presently stable
Penguins
*The yellow-eyed
penguin, as its name suggests, has yellow eyes and a stripe of pale yellow
feathers extending over its dark head.
Penguins
*yellow-eyed
Megadyptes antipodes
size:
76 cm (30 in.), 6 kg (1 3 lb.)
Penguins
*distribution:
southeast New Zealand
population: 1,540 to 1,855 pairs
current status: vulnerable (IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals);
population has decreased 40% in last 40 years
Penguins
*Temperate
penguins (genus Spheniscus), such as the Humboldt and
Magellanic, have unfeathered
fleshy areas on the face and one or two distinct black stripes across the
chest.
Penguins
*Magellanic
Spheniscus magellanicus
size:
61 to 71 cm (24-28 in.), 5 kg (11 lb.)
Penguins
*distribution:
Falkland Islands and along the coast of Chile and Argentina
population: 4.5 to 10 million birds
current status: not globally threatened
Penguins
*Humboldt
Spheniscus humboldti
size: 56 to 66 cm
(22-26 in.), 4 kg (9 lb.)
Penguins
*distribution:
islands off the west coast of South America and along the coast of Peru and
Chile population: 20,000 total birds
current status: insufficiently known (IUCN Red List of Threatened
Animals), CITES I
Penguins
*African
Spheniscus demersus
size: 61 to 71 cm (24-28 in.), 3 kg (7
lb.)
Penguins
* distribution: South African waters population:
50,000 to 171,000 pairs
current status: insufficiently known (IUCN Red List of Threatened
Animals), CITES II; general decline continues
Penguins
*Galapagos
Spheniscus mendiculus
size: 53 cm (21 in.), 2.5 kg (5-6 lb.)
Penguins
*distribution:
Galapagos Islands, off the coast of Ecuador, almost astride the equator; is
the most northerly penguin species
population: 6,000 to 15,000 total birds
current status: endangered (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Endangered
Species List)
Penguins
* Flippers
Wings are
modified into paddlelike flippers. The bones are much
flattened and, broadened, with the joint of elbow and wrist almost fused. This
forms a rigid, tapered, and flat flipper for swimming. Each flipper is covered with short,
scale-like feathers. The long wing feathers typical of most birds would be too
flexible for swimming through water.
Penguins
*Head
1
. Different species of penguins can be identified
by their head and facial markings.
2.
Penguins have a variety of bill shapes which are used to capture fish, squid,
and crustaceans. Generally, the bill tends to be long and thin in species that
are primarily fish eaters, but shorter and stouter in those that mainly feed on
krill.
Penguins
*Shiny,
waterproof feathers overlap to cover a penguin's skin.
Penguins
*Feathers
1. Shiny
feathers uniformly overlap to cover a penguin's skin (del
Hoyo, et al., 1992). Feathers are highly
specialized-short, broad, and closely spaced, helping to keep water away from
the skin. Tufts of down on the feather shafts contribute to the insulative properties of the feathers
Penguins
*2. Penguins
have more feathers than most other birds, with about 70 feathers per square
inch.
3. Most
penguin species go through one complete molt (shed their feathers) each year,
usually after the breeding season. The exception is the Galapagos penguin, which
usually goes through two molts annually.
Penguins
*During the
molt, feathers lose some of their insulating and waterproofing capabilities,
and penguins stay out of the water until their plumage is restored to optimum
condition
Depending on
the species, the average length of the molt varies from 13 days for the
Galapagos penguin to 34 for the emperor penguin
Penguins
* Generally,
penguins are not sexually dimorphic; males and females look alike. Crested
penguins are exceptions: the males are more robust and have larger bills
Penguins
*
Penguins
MARINE
REPTILES, BIRDS, ANSWERS
1.
bony fishes
2. reptiles
3.
ectotherms
4. lay
their eggs
5.
ovoviparous
6endotherms
7.
Antarctic winter
8.
Antarctica to the Arctic
9. to
protect them from predators
to stop
them from drying out
to incubate
them at the correct temperature
10.
smell/chemicals
11. lay
eggs
12.
Bradycardia
13. they
don't lay eggs.
14.
Galapagos Islands
15pelican.
16.
frigate bird
17.
Cormorant
18. Frigate
bird
19. taste
sense very well developed
20. remove
excess salt from the body
21.
Loggerhead
e 22.
a 23.
c 24.
d 25.
26. Calipee
27. 8
28.
Plastron
29. In the
sand on the beach
30. Plastic
Bags
Shrimp Nets
Six Pack
Rings
31.
Leatherback
32. clutch
33. male
34 T.E.D.
35. sea
turtles, sea snakes, and pinnipeds.
True or
False
A 36
B 37
B 38
A 39
A 40
B 41
B 42
B 43
A 44
B 45
A 46.
b 47
a 48 .
a 49 .
*