Lab Question Answers
Lab 1
1. How many layers of cells are there in an
Elodea leaf? 2
or 3
2. How should a coverslip be applied to a
drop of liquid on a microscope slide? 45’angle
3.
When chloroplasts appear to be moving
within a living cell, what is the cause of their movement called? cyclosis
4.
In most living cells, such as those of Elodea,
where is the cytoplasm located?
How extensive are plant cell vacuoles? l Along
the edges of the cell, with the greater portion (up to 90%) of volume occupied
by one or two central vacuoles
5. What are cytoplasmic
bridges? Narrow stretches of cytoplasm that
criss-cross the central vacuole
6.
What parts of cells are normally visible with the aid of a compound light
microscope? Nucleus, nucleolus, chloroplast, chromoplasts, other plastids,
cell wall, mitochondria are barely visible in good light microscopes
7.
If present in a cell, where are anthocyanin
pigments located? . In the cell sap within vacuoles, gives red, blue or purple
color to flowers and some leaves
8.
How are starch grains distinguished
from parenchyma cells in a potato? . Grains are located within cells, may exhibit
concentric rings, often several are located within a given cell. Will stain darkly with iodine
9.
What are striae, and where are they
located in a spiderwort stamen hair cell? . Fine lines that
are roughly parallel and are located on the cell surface
10.
How does a chromoplast differ from a chloroplast? . Primarily
by the green color of chlorophyll in the chloroplasts. Stern text says they can be of similar size
The
Cell
1. In what part of a cell are chloroplasts located? cytoplasm
2. What is cyclosis? Cytoplasmic streaming, the movement of the cytoplasm and
inclusions in it
3. What is a vacuole? Enclosed chamber within the cell. The boundary is a
vacuolar membrane (tonoplast) that is generally not directly visible in light
microscopes
What is the thin boundary of the vacuole
called?tonoplast Is it visible? no
4.
Where would you look for the nucleus in
an Elodea cell? Along the edge of
cell or nestled in a corner, they tend to be grayish, oblong and large
(relative to other cell structures)
5. Anthocyanin pigments and
chromoplasts may both be red in
color. If you were to observe a cell that had both, how could you distinguish
between them? The anthocyanin pigments are water soluble; while the contents of
the chromoplasts tend to be lipid soluble
6.
How can you tell a potato starch grain from
a cell? No cell wall, several grains are
often found in each cell
7.
How would you distinguish a starch grain from
a chloroplast? Chloroplast will
be green and have a fairly regular oval shape
8. What is a cytoplasmic
bridge? Narrow strands of cytoplasm that tend to criss-cross the central
vacuoles
9.
Specifically where do starch grains develop
in a cell? Inside leucoplasts (membrane bound plastids, especially
amyloplastids), on pyrenoids of larger chloroplasts
10. Where would you expect to find a nucleolus? Inside the
nucleus, often appears to be a darker region within it
2. Normal cell functions such as protein synthesis
and respiration occur during which phase? Interphase
3. The duplication of DNA and chromatids
occurs during which phase? S Interphase
4. If a parent cell has 32 chromosomes,
then after mitosis daughter cells each have how many chromosomes? 32
5. Contrast the telophase in animal and
plant cells. Constriction-cleavage vs cell plate
Osmosis
2. As potato cells are
placed in solutions that are increasingly hypotonic, what tends to happen? swell
3. 20.0 gm of salt in 600.0 gm of solution is a what percent solution?
3%
4. How many gm of salt and how many gm of water
are needed to make 300.0 gm of a 4.0 percent solution? 12
salt 288 water
5. 250.0 gm of a 2.0 percent salt solution
contains how many gm of:
5 gm of solute
245
gm. of solvent
250
gm of solution
8.
20.0 gm of salt added to 200.0 gm of water is a what
percent solution? 9%
Comparing two solutions with free diffusion.
SELECT ONE: a. isotonic solution
b.
hypertonic solution
c.
hypotonic solution
The water would move primarily into the hypertonic solution
The solute would move primarily out of the hypertonic solution
The solvent would move primarily out of the hypotonic solution
Movement of solute and solvent would continue
until both solutions were isotonic
1. With which specific region of roots is this exercise concerned? Zone of maturation
(differentiation)
2. In which tissues do the following
originate?
Root
hairs epidermal/region
of differentiation Lateral roots pericycle
3. What evidence of the food-storage function of cortex is present in buttercup roots?
Granules
in cortex cells
4. Which tissue surrounds and borders the stele of
a dicot root?the endodermis
Which tissues comprise the stele? stele is comprised of
pericycle, xylem and phloem
5. What is the function of the vascular cambium? Usually develops between the primary xylem and phloem and produces
secondary xylem and phloem
6. Of what substance are Casparian strips composed? Bands of fatty suberin
7. Is a pith present in all roots? no
If not, in which roots is
it present? monocot
8. As lateral roots develop inside a primary root,
through which tissues must they grow to reach the surface ? Through the
endodermis, cortex and epidermis (although epidermis of lateral root becomes
continuous with epidermis of primary root
1. From which tissue do lateral
roots arise? pericycle
2.
Between which tissues is the vascular
cambium located? Between primary xylem and
phloem
3. Which tissue of stems is not present in
dicot roots? Pith
4. In which tissues are root hairs to be found? epidermal
5. Which tissue is immediately adjacent to the endodermis on the side toward the
center? Pericycle
6. In which region of the root does
differentiation of cells into various cell types take place? Zone of maturation
7.
What is present in cells of the cortex that
gives evidence of its function as a food-storage tissue? Granules
8. Of what fatty substance are Casparian strips composed? suberin
9. What tissue produces cells that add to the
girth (diameter) of the root? Vascular cambium
10. What water-conducting tissue is present in the
center of a dicot root? primary xylem
Questions
1.
What protects the buds of dormant twigs?
Terminal Bud Scales
2.
What are bundle scars?_ Sealed ends of vascular veins that
led into petiole from stem.
3.
Where, specifically, are axillary buds located? In the angle between the stem and
the petiole of leaf
4.
What structures associated with gas exchange are found throughout stem
internodes? lenticles
5.
What is the difference between bud scale scars and leaf scars? . Bud scale scars
result in a series of narrow linear raised regions around the “stem”, usually
one at start of each growing season; leaf scars are formed by the separation of
leaf petiole from stem
6.
Which tissue separates cortex from pith in an older alfalfa stem? What is the
function of this tissue? The meristematic vascular cambium that gives rise to xylem
and phloem
Storage
7.
What is the primary function of cortex and pith? Storing
and sometimes manufacturing food
8.
Which tissue conducts water and minerals in solution? xylem
9.
If you saw cross sections of Begonia or Coleus and alfalfa stems side by side,
what differences would be obvious? . The arrangement of the vascular
bundles and the presence of a pith in the dicot stem
10. Which stains are used to
make the tissues of your handmade linden (basswood) slide more readily visible?
Gentian violet and eosin
11. If you wished to make
your handmade linden (basswood) slide permanent, which additional substances
would you use? Xylene and balsam
12.
Which two tissues are produced by the cork cambium, and which two tissues are
produced by the vascular cambium? Cork cambium
produces cork and phelloderm
vascular cambium
produces secondary xylem and secondary phloem
1.
Where are axillary buds located? In the angle between petiole and stem
2.
What are the small bumps of parenchyma tissue on the surface of the internodes
called?lenticles
3.
How is a bundle scar formed? When the leaf petiole separates from stem breaks a vascular
vein
4.
What is the function of a lenticel? Gas exchange
5.
Which of the stems in this exercise has the most complex phloem? basswood
6. What stains are used in
making your own linden (basswood) slide? Gentian
violet and eosin
7. In addition to cork, what
tissue is usually produced by the cork cambium?phelloderm cells
8.
How are vascular bundles arranged in a monocot stem Scattered through
out the fundamental tissue, with the phloem oriented toward the outside
9.
Which of the stems featured in this laboratory exercise is (are) NOT (a)
dicot(s)?corn
10.
To make your own microscope slide of a linden (basswood) stem permanent, what substance would you
add just before placing a coverslip on it? Balsam (xylene would be added before balsam)
1. How does a
compound leaf differ from a simple leaf?
Compound
leaf’s blade has two or more separate leaflets attached to the end of a petiole
or along a central ramis; simple leaf has a single undivided blade
2. What fatty or waxy substance present on the
outer walls of leaf epidermal cells is usually lost in the preparation of
slides? Fatty or waxy cuticle
3.
When you view a cross section of a leaf with the upper epidermis at the top,
where is the phloem located in a vein?in lower part of vein
4. Which of the larger organelles are most
abundant in palisade mesophyll cells?chloroplasts
5. What specific tissue marks the outer boundary
of transfusion tissue in a pine leaf?endodermis
6. Which tissue lies between the epidermis and the endodermis in
a pine leaf? Mesophyll
7. Where are the resin canals located in a pine leaf?in mesophyll
What
is their function? help protect from herbivores and
pathogens
8. What are sunken stomata? Recessed openings for gas exchange; plants found in xeric
and cold conditions,
With which types of plants are they
associated?desert plants/pines
9. What is the function of a hypodermis? Reduction in
water loss
Where is a hypodermis located? ; found below the
epidermis of pine needles
10. Apart from size and shape, how do guard cells differ from the epidermal
cells that surround them?contain chloroplasts
1. What are stipules? Pair of leaf-like or scale-like appendages on either side of
petiole
2.
What is the fatty or waxy substance that coats a leaf epidermis called?cuticle
3.
What tissue composed of thick-walled cells is found just beneath the epidermis
of a pine leaf?hypodermis
4. In prepared
slides of lilac leaves, why are some veins
visible in cross section while others are visible in longitudinal section? Veins branch out
in leaf, so some are cut in cross section while others are cut longitudinally
5.
Which tissue of pine leaves differs from that of lilac leaves in its not being
divided into two distinguishable layers? Mesophyll not
divided into palisade and spongy
6. Of which two tissues are leaf veins primarily composed? Vascular tissue—xylem and phloem
7. Where are stomata generally most abundant in the majority of leaves?lower surface
8. Which layer of mesophyll is closest to the upper epidermis of a leaf? Palisade mesophyll
9. In what kind of leaf would you expect to
find resin canals? pine
10. The two cells that form and surround a
stoma are known as Guard cells
1. What distinguishes a hesperidium from a pepo? Pepos have leathery rind-hesperidium has leathery skin that
contains oil
2. Which of the fruit types is derived from more
than one pistil aggrigate-raspberry flower/fruit
3. How doe you tell a grain (caryopsis) from an achene?
Achene is a fruit with 1 seed and seed is attached to
it at any point, grain is single seed fused with the fruit wall
4. If you were to cut an apple in half, you
would notice that the endocarp around
the seeds is somewhat papery. How would you classify it as to fruit type?
5. Drupes and
nuts both have a single seed. What
distinguishes them from one another?nuts surrounded by hard case wall and drupe is enclosed in a pit
6. Black raspberries and mulberries look
quite a bit alike, but raspberries are aggregate
fruits while mulberries are multiple
fruits. What is the difference? Raspberries have a
bunch of small fruits formed from a single flower with many pistles
7. Choose one of the poisonous plants and
tell which part or parts is(are) poisonous.
8. When you use oregano as a spice, what
part of the plant is involved? leaves
9. Name two spices that are derived from flowers
or flower buds. Nutmeg, cinnamon
10.
Choose one of the survival
plants and tell how it is used.
1. Which fleshy fruits have a single seed enclosed
in a hard pit? Olives, almonds
2.
Strawberry flowers have numerous pistils on a common receptacle. What fruit
type does that make them? accessory
3. How many seeds does a typical berry have? many
4. What distinguishes a hesperidium from a true
berry? Berries have a fleshy wall and a hesperidium has
a leathery skin
5. Do both aggregate
and multiple fruits come from
more than one pistil? Explain. Aggregates come from
one pistle but multiple are laural flowers on the same plant
6. Give a common example of a fruit in
which the seeds do not develop. Pineapple/banana
7. Which dry, splitting fruit has a central
partition to which the seeds may be attached pea
8. What type of dry, nonsplitting fruit has
a wing at maturity?caryopsis
9. What type of dry, splitting fruit splits
only along one edge?follicle
10.
How do you tell a grain (caryopsis)
from an achene?achene is a single
seeded fruit in which the seed is attached to the pericarp only at its
base grain: a dried fruit in
which the pericarp is tightly fused to the seed.
Moss
and fern Lab
1. How do moss "leaves" differ
from the leaves of more complex plants? No vascular tissue and are haploid
2. What is the difference
between a calyptra and an operculum? Calyptra is haploid developing
from archegonial material and covers the capsule as a “pixie cap”; operculum is
diploid and covers the capsule over the peristome
3.
How is the release of spores controlled in mosses? . Peristome’s
membranous teeth in capsule change shape with changing conditions releasing the
spores
4. Where does meiosis take place in mosses? Inside capsule
5. Where, in mosses, are zygotes and embryos formed? By fertilization inside archegonia
6.
In Marchantia, what is the function
of archegoniophores and antheridiophores? Archegoniophores
and antheridiophores are the elevated holders of archegonia and antheridia,
respectively.
7. What are all the parts of a complete sorus? Clusters of sporangia under an
indusium
8. Where, specifically, are fern antheridia located? Among the
rhizoids on prothallus
9.
What parts of a fern are 2n? 2N: Frond, rhizome, roots (also zygote and
embryo)
Where, in a fern, does
the switch from 2n to n take place? Shift to haploid
occurs in the sporangium in sorusWhere, in a fern, does
the switch from n to 2n take place? Shift to diploid
occurs with fertilization of egg in archegonium forming a zygote
10. In addition to seeds, what do higher plants
have that bryophytes lack? Vascular tissue
11. Which phase in the life cycle of a moss
consists of a "leafy" plant? Gametophyte
12.
In which specific structure of a moss are sperms
produced? . Antheridium
13. What is the toothed structure in a moss sporophyte that controls the release of
spores from a sporangium? Peristome
14.
How does a thalloid liverwort differ
in appearance from a moss? Flattened bright
green body with elevated structure (archegoniophores and antheridiophores)
rather that the leafy structure of mosses
15. What is a cluster of fern sporangia
called? Sorus
16. Where does meiosis take place in ferns? Sporangium
17. What name is applied to the gametophyte of ferns? . Prothallus
18. Where are fern antheridia produced (i.e., among what structures on the
gametophyte)? Among the rhizoids
19.
What are the differences among rhizoids,
roots, and rhizomes? Rhizoids are
anchoring structures; roots are anchoring and absorptive; rhizomes are
underground stems
Questions 1.
What does the term gymnosperm mean,
and in what sense does it apply to pine trees? Naked seeds, they develop on
surface of cone scale rather than being enclosed within a fruit.
2.
Apart from size differences, how can you distinguish a cone scale of a pine
seed cone from that of a pine pollen cone? The pollen cone scale is much more
membranous (flexible) than seed cone scale
3. Of what does the female
gametophyte of a pine consist? What other tissues surround it? The pollen cone
scale is much more membranous (flexible) than seed cone scale
4. What is the function of a nucellus? Nutritive
5. What constitutes the sporophyte in a pine? The “tree” and
the cones
6. Where, specifically, are
pine pollen grains produced? In the
microsporangia at base of pollen cone scale
7. What structure of a pine ovule develops into a seed coat? A portion of the
integument
8.
What do the pollen grains of pine trees have that aid in their dispersal by the
wind?
Wings
9. Could all the representatives of gymnosperms mentioned in
this exercise be differentiated by their leaves alone? If not, why not and if
so why? Yes, while the leaves of the Gnetophyta are rather heterogeneous
in size and shape, the leaves of the others are distinct from those of
Gnetophyta
1. What is the difference between a gymnosperm and an angiosperm? Gymnosperms seeds
are naked (not enclosed within a fruit)
2. How many seeds are
produced at the base of each pine seed cone scale? Two
3. What specific cells of pine undergo
meiosis? Microsporocytes produce microspores that form pollen grains;
What do these cells then become? megasporocytes produce the megaspores, one of which will
form female gametophyte
4.
Through what passage is a pollen grain of
pine drawn prior to its full development into a mature male gametophyte? Micropyle
5. What is the space above the nucellus in a pine ovule called? Pollen chamber
6. From what specific cell does the embryo of a seed develop? Zygote
7. Where on a pine tree are pollen cones
usually produced. Tips of lower branches
8. From what structure does the seed coat of a pine seed develop? Integument
9. Specifically, where are
pine sperms produced? In male
gametophyte (in pollen tube)
10. Which of the gymnosperms discussed has
two straplike leaves? Welwitschia (a Gnetophyta)
angiosperm lab Review Questions
18
1. Receptacle
2. Filament
3. Stigma
4. Four
microspores that form pollen grains
5. Two (tube and
generative); three (tube and two sperm)
6. Through micropyle
7. Pollination is
the deposition of pollen grain on stigma, while fertilization involves the
fusing of the sperm nucleus with the egg nucleus
8. Degenerate
9. One of sperm
nuclei fuses with the two central nuclei; endosperm nucleus divides many times
forming the endosperm tissue that surround embryo(in
monocots forms part of seed; in dicots it becomes incorporated into cotyledons)
10. Integuments
Quiz 18
1. Inflorescence
2. Ovules
3. Synergids
4. The area
through which the pollen tube gains access to the female gametophyte
5. Two
6. Sperm nuclei
7. Two central
nuclei
8. Megasporocyte
9. In ovule
10. In megagametophyte
Plus
All life cycles are fair game