DNA Technology and Genomics answers

1) vehicle for the insertion of foreign genes into bacteria.

2) a plasmid used to transfer DNA into a living cell.

3) to cleave nucleic acids at specific sites

4) by adding methyl groups to adenines and cytosines

5) an agent, such as a plasmid, used to transfer DNA from an in vitro solution into a living cell

6) III, II, IV, V, I

7) exposing the bacteria to an antibiotic that kills cells lacking the plasmid

8) recombinant plasmids of bacteria. recombinant viral DNA.

9) expression vector.

10) A genomic library contains both noncoding sequences and coding sequences, whereas a cDNA library contains only coding sequences. A genomic library is identical regardless of the cell type used to make it, whereas the content of a cDNA library depends on the cell type used in its construction. A genomic library can be made using a restriction enzyme and DNA ligase only, whereas a cDNA library requires both of these as well as reverse transcriptase and DNA polymerase.

11) make many copies of a targeted segment of DNA.

12) centromere telomeres origin of replication

13) fossils fetal cells viruses bacteria

14) 2, 1, 4

b 15)

d 16)

c 17)

e 18)

a 19)

20) gel electrophoresis

21) denaturation

22) The fragments must be separated by electrophoresis. The fragments must be treated with heat or chemicals to separate the strands of the double helix. The probe must be hybridized with the fragment

23) permanently attach the DNA fragments to a substrate.

24) restriction enzyme recognition sites between the alleles.

25) provided genetic markers scattered throughout the genome, allowing the construction of a genome-wide linkage map.

26) RNA transcripts of human genes are more likely to undergo alternative splicing. Post-translational processing adds diversity to the resulting polypeptides. Polypeptide domains are combined in a variety of ways. Gene expression patterns in humans are often more complex than those in other organisms.

27) allow the expression of many or even all of the genes in the genome to be compared at once.

28) the number of proteins in humans probably far exceeds the number of genes. a cell's proteins differ with cell type. proteins are extremely varied in structure and chemical properties.

29) treating selected segments of DNA with restriction enzymes. electrophoresis of restriction fragments. using a probe to locate specific nucleotide sequences.

30) cleaning up toxic waste. manufacturing human growth hormone.

31) Human insulin is less likely to provoke an allergic reaction than cow, pig, or horse insulin.

32) be cut by the same restriction enzyme.

e 33) DNA ligase

34) a somatic plant cell can often give rise to a complete plant.

35) polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

36) introduction of genetically engineered genes into human gametes