Chapter 22: Descent with Modification: Answers
1) morphology and anatomy
2) the fossil record.
3) body
with Earth
4) Earth is 6,000 years old, and populations are
unchanging.
5)
Characteristics acquired during an organism's life are generally not passed on
through genes.
6)
Variations in the development of the structures occur as the embryos grow.
7) an
overarching explanation, supported by much evidence, for how populations change
over time.
8) Charles Lyell
9) biogeography.
10) Alfred Wallace
11) a mechanism for evolution that was supported
by evidence.
12) more recently they shared a common ancestor.
13) The
interaction of organisms with their environment is important in the
evolutionary process.
14)
individuals must adapt to their environment.
15) Populations tend to increase at a faster rate
than their food supply.
16) island forms and mainland forms descended
from common ancestors.
17) 2, 4,
1, 3
18) by identifying the bones as being
homologous by proposing that humans,
bats, and dolphins share a common ancestor
19) back and knee problems.
20) baleen
whales are descendants of toothed whales.
21) All
organisms use essentially the same genetic code.
22) DNA or
RNA analysis
23) DNA sequence evidence fully disagreed with
morphological evidence.
24) The amount of available food may have
increased. The number of predators may have decreased. The squirrels of
subsequent generations should show greater levels of variation than previous
generations because squirrels that would not have survived in the past will now
survive.
25) A
number of genetically resistant pesticide survivors reproduce. The next generation of insects contains more
genes from the survivors than it does from susceptible individuals.
26) Of the following anatomical structures, which
is homologous to the wing of a bat?
arm of a human
DNA
Technology and Genomics answers
1) vehicle
for the insertion of foreign genes into bacteria.
2) a plasmid used to transfer DNA into a living cell.
3) to
cleave nucleic acids at specific sites
4) by adding methyl groups to adenines and cytosines
5) an
agent, such as a plasmid, used to transfer DNA from
an in vitro solution into a living cell
6) III, II, IV, V, I
7) exposing the bacteria to an antibiotic that
kills cells lacking the plasmid
8) recombinant plasmids
of bacteria. recombinant viral DNA.
9)
expression vector.
10) A
genomic library contains both noncoding sequences and
coding sequences, whereas a cDNA library contains only coding sequences. A genomic library is identical regardless of the
cell type used to make it, whereas the content of a cDNA
library depends on the cell type used in its construction. A genomic library can be made using a restriction
enzyme and DNA ligase only, whereas a cDNA library requires both of these as well as reverse transcriptase and DNA polymerase.
11) make many copies of a targeted segment of
DNA.
12) centromere telomeres origin of replication
13) fossils
fetal cells viruses
bacteria
14) 2, 1, 4
b 15)
d 16)
c 17)
e 18)
a
19)
20) gel electrophoresis
21) denaturation
22) The
fragments must be separated by electrophoresis. The
fragments must be treated with heat or chemicals to separate the strands of the
double helix. The probe must be
hybridized with the fragment
23)
permanently attach the DNA fragments to a substrate.
24) restriction enzyme recognition sites
between the alleles.
25) provided genetic markers scattered
throughout the genome, allowing the construction of a genome-wide linkage map.
26) RNA
transcripts of human genes are more likely to undergo alternative splicing. Post-translational
processing adds diversity to the resulting polypeptides. Polypeptide domains are combined in a variety of
ways. Gene expression patterns
in humans are often more complex than those in other organisms.
27) allow the expression of many or even all
of the genes in the genome to be compared at once.
28) the number of proteins in humans probably
far exceeds the number of genes.
a cell's
proteins differ with cell type.
proteins are
extremely varied in structure and chemical properties.
29) treating selected segments of DNA with
restriction enzymes. electrophoresis of
restriction fragments. using a probe to locate
specific nucleotide sequences.
30) cleaning up toxic waste. manufacturing human growth hormone.
31)
Human insulin is less likely to provoke an allergic reaction than cow,
pig, or horse insulin.
32) be
cut by the same restriction enzyme.
e
33) DNA ligase
34) a
somatic plant cell can often give rise to a complete plant.
35) polymerase chain
reaction (PCR)
36)
introduction of genetically engineered genes into human gametes