Prokaryote
Review
1) Though plants, fungi, and prokaryotes all
have cell walls, we classify them under different taxonomic units. Which of the
observations below comes closest to explaining the basis for placing these organisms in different taxa?
2) Which of
the following is the most common
compound in the cell walls of gram-positive bacteria?
3) If
penicillin is an antibiotic that inhibits enzymes from catalyzing the synthesis
of peptidoglycan, then which prokaryotes should be most vulnerable to inhibition by
penicillin?
4) Which of
the following is the correct order, from most external to most internal?
1. cell
wall
2. plasma
membrane
3. capsule
5) Jams, jellies, preserves, honey, and other
foodstuffs with a high sugar content hardly ever become contaminated by
bacteria, even when the food containers are left open at room temperature. This is because bacteria that encounter such
an environment
6) Which
two structures play direct roles in permitting bacteria to adhere to each other, or to other
surfaces?
1. capsules
2. endospores
3. fimbriae
4. plasmids
5. flagella
7) Prokaryotes have ribosomes
different from those of eukaryotes. Because of this, which of the following is true?
The following questions refer to structures
found in a gram-positive prokaryotic cell. Answers (A-(E) may be used
once, more than once, or not at all.
A. endospore
B. sex pilus
C. flagellum
D. cell wall
E. capsule
8) composed
almost entirely of peptidoglycan
9) requires ATP to function, and permits some species
to respond to taxes.
10) Not present in all bacteria, this slimy
material enables cells that possess it to resist the defenses of host
organisms.
11) Not present in all bacteria, this structure
enables those that possess it to germinate after exposure to harsh conditions,
such as boiling.
12)
structure that permits conjugation to occur
13) an important source of endotoxin
in gram-negative species
14) If this
structure connects the cytoplasm of two bacteria, one of these cells may gain
new genetic material.
15) This structure contains a copy of the
chromosome, along with a small amount of dehydrated cytoplasm, 16) Mitochondria are descendants of alpha proteobacteria. They
are, however, no longer able to lead independent lives because most genes
originally present on their chromosome
are now located in the nuclear genome.
What phenomenon most directly accounts for the movement of these genes?
17) Carl Woese of the
18)
Prokaryotic organisms have recently been divided into two domains,
Bacteria and Archaea. This division is based on
characteristics such as
19) Which
of the following traits do archaea and bacteria
share?
1. composition
of the cell wall
2. presence
of plasma membrane
3. lack of
a nuclear envelope
4. identical
rRNA sequences
20) What is the primary ecological role of
prokaryotes?
21) If all
the bacteria on Earth suddenly disappeared, which of the following would be the
most likely and most direct result?
22) Which
of the following would most likely occur if all prokaryotes were suddenly to
perish?
23) In
which of the following ways can prokaryotes be considered to be more successful
on Earth than humans?
24)
What is the function of a bacterium's capsule?
25) The
prokaryotic cells that built stromatolites are
classified as ________.
26) Photoautotrophs use
27)
Plant-like photosynthesis that releases O2 occurs in
28) An
example of bioremediation is
Match the numbered terms
to the descriptions that follow. Choose
all appropriate terms, but only appropriate terms.
1. autotroph
2. heterotroph
3. phototroph
4. chemotroph
29) an
organism that obtains its energy from chemicals
30) a
prokaryote that obtains both energy and carbon as it decomposes dead organisms
31) an
organism that obtains both carbon and energy by ingesting prey
32) an organism that relies on photons to excite
electrons within its membranes
For the following
questions, use the list below of types of bacterial metabolism. Pick the term
that best matches the statement. Responses may be used once, more than once, or
not at all.
A. photoautotrophs
B. photoheterotrophs
C. chemoautotrophs
D. chemoheterotrophs that perform decomposition
E. parasitic chemoheterotrophs
33) cyanobacteria
34) use light energy to synthesize organic
compounds from CO2
35) obtain energy by oxidizing inorganic
substances; energy that is used, in part, to fix CO2
36) use light energy to generate ATP but do not
release oxygen
37) responsible for high levels of O2
in Earth's atmosphere
38) responsible for many human diseases