Chapter
24: The Origin of Species Review
1) What is macroevolution?
2) Which is one way that the skulls of adult
chimpanzees and humans differ?
3) "Allometric"
growth refers to
4) Variations in allometric
growth patterns demonstrate how
5) The fetal skulls of chimpanzees and humans
both have
6) The biological species concept is not useful for organisms known only from
fossils because
7) The largest
unit in which gene flow can readily occur is a
8) Bird guides once listed the myrtle warbler
and Audubon's warbler as distinct species. Recently, these birds have been
classified as eastern and western forms of a single species, the yellow-rumped warbler. Which of the following pieces of evidence,
if true, would be cause for this reclassification?
9) Males of different species of the fruit fly Drosophila that
live in the same parts of the Hawaiian islands have different elaborate
courtship rituals that involve fighting other males and stylized movements that
attract females. What type of reproductive isolation does this represent?
10) Which of the following factors would not contribute to allopatric
speciation?
11) Plant species A has a diploid number of 12.
Plant species B has a diploid number of 16. A new species, C, arises as an allopolyploid from A and B. The likely diploid number for
species C would probably be
12) Mimulus lewisii and M. cardinalis are plants that do not hybridize in nature
but can be readily crossed in the laboratory to produce fertile offspring.
Which of the following is least likely to keep the gene pools of these two
plants separate in nature?
13) A genetic change that caused a certain Hox gene to be
expressed along the tip of a vertebrate limb bud instead of farther back made
possible the evolution of the tetrapod limb. This
type of change is illustrative of
14) Which of the following applies to both anagenesis
and cladogenesis?
15) Which of the following statements about
species, as defined by the biological species concept, is (ar(E)
correct?
I. Biological
species are defined by reproductive isolation.
II. Biological species
are the model used for grouping extinct forms of life.
III. The biological
species is the largest unit of population in which successful
reproduction is possible.
16) What is
generally true of two sibling species?
17) Which of the various species concepts
identifies species based on the degree of genetic exchange between their gene
pools?
18) For which two species concepts are anatomical
features the primary criterion for determining species identities?
1. biological
2. ecological
3. morphological
4. phylogenetic
19) A biologist discovers two populations of wolf
spiders whose members appear identical. Members of one population are found in
the leaf litter deep within a woods. Members of the other population are found
in the grass at the edge of the woods. The biologist decides to designate the
members of the two populations as two separate species. Which species concept
is this biologist most closely utilizing?
20) What was the species concept used by
Linnaeus?
21) You are confronted with a box of preserved
grasshoppers of various species that are new to science and have not been
described. Your assignment is to separate them into species. There is no accompanying
information as to where or when they were collected. Which species concept will
you have to use?
22) Some species of Anopheles mosquito live in brackish water, some in running fresh
water, and others in stagnant water. What type of reproductive barrier is most
obviously separating these different species?
23) Which of the following must occur during a period of geographic isolation in order for two
sibling species to remain genetically distinct following their geographic
reunion in the same home range?
Use the following options to answer the
following questions. For each description of reproductive isolation, select the
option that best describes it. Options may be used once, more than once, or not
at all.
A. gametic
B. temporal
C. behavioral
D. habitat
E. mechanical
24) two
species of orchids with different floral anatomy
25) two species of trout that breed in different
seasons
26) two species of meadowlarks with different
mating songs
27) two species of garter snakes live in the same
region, but one lives in water and the other lives on land
28) two species of pine shed their pollen at
different times
29) mating fruit flies recognize the appearance,
odor, tapping motions, and sounds of members of 30) the scarlet oak is adapted to moist
bottomland, whereas the black oak is adapted to dry upland 31) Two species of frogs belonging to the same
genus occasionally mate, but the offspring do not complete development. What is
the mechanism for keeping the two frog species separate?
32) Theoretically, the production of sterile
mules by interbreeding between female horses and male donkeys should
33) The biological species concept is inadequate
for grouping
34) Races of humans are unlikely to evolve
extensive differences in the future for which of the following reasons?
I. The environment is
unlikely to change.
II. Human evolution is
complete.
III. The human
races are incompletely isolated.
35) The
Hawaiian islands are a great showcase of evolution because of intense
36) All of the following have contributed to the
diversity of organisms on the Hawaiian archipelago except that
37) The Galapagos archipelago appeared about 2
million years ago, when submerged volcanoes (seamounts) rose above the ocean's
surface. A single hypothetical
colonization event introduced a species of finch to one island in the distant
past. Today, several islands in the
archipelago contain unique species of finches.
What must have happened following the initial colonization event to
account for the current situation?
1. cladogenesis
2. anagenesis
3. allopatric
speciation
4. adaptive radiation
38) A rapid
method of speciation that has been important in the history of flowering plants
is
39) Which example below will most likely
guarantee that two closely related species will remain distinct biological
species?
40) Autopolyploidy is a
speciation process that begins with an event during
41) Which of the following is a way that allopolyploidy can most directly cause speciation?
42) A new plant species formed from the
hybridization between a plant with a diploid number of 16 and a plant with a
diploid number of 12 would probably have a gamete chromosome number of
43) Plant species A has a diploid number of 28.
Plant species B has a diploid number of 14. A new, sexually reproducing species
C arises as an allopolyploid from hybridization of A
and B. The diploid number of C would probably be
44) A defining characteristic of allopatric speciation is
45) In the 5-6 million years that the hominid
lineage has been diverging from its common ancestor with the great apes, dozens
of hominid species have arisen, often with several species coexisting in time
and space. As recently as 30,000 years ago, Homo
sapiens coexisted with Homo neanderthalensis. Both species had large brains and advanced
intellects. That these traits were
common to both species is most easily explained by which of the following?
46) According to the concept of punctuated
equilibrium, the "sudden" appearance of a new species in the fossil
record means that
47) Many species of snakes lay eggs, but in the
forests of northern Minnesota where growing seasons are short, only
live-bearing snake species are present.
This trend toward species that
48) Which
of the following would be a position held by an adherent of the punctuated
equilibrium theory?
49) Speciation
50) The origin of a new plant species by
hybridization coupled with nondisjunction is an
example of
51) Which of the following would be an example of
macroevolution?
The
following questions are based on the observation that several dozen different
proteins comprise the prokaryotic flagellum and its attachment to the
prokaryotic cell wall, producing an incredibly complex structure.
52) If the complex protein assemblage of the
prokaryotic flagellum arose by the same general processes as those of the
complex eyes of advanced molluscs (such as squids),
then
ancestral versions of this protein assemblage were
either less functional, or had different functions, 53) If one organ is an exaptation
of another organ, then what must be true of these two organs?
54) Which of the following examples would be most
likely to result in macroevolution?
55) A hypothetical mutation in a squirrel
population produces organisms with eight legs rather than four. Further, these
mutant squirrels survive, successfully invade new habitats, and eventually give
rise to a new species. The initial event giving rise to extra legs would be a
good example of
56) The existence of evolutionary trends, such as
increasing body sizes among horse species, is evidence that