Fungi Chapter Review Questions
1) Which of the following do all fungi have in
common?
2) The hydrolytic digestion of which of the
following should produce the monomer, an
aminated molecule of b-glucose?
3) If all saprobic
fungi in an environment were to suddenly die, which group of organisms should
benefit as a whole?
4) When a mycelium infiltrates an unexploited
source of dead organic matter, what are most likely to appear within the food
source soon thereafter? 5) Which of the following is not a characteristic of hyphate fungi (fungi featuring hyphae)?
6) The functional significance of porous septa
in certain fungal hyphae is most similar to that
represented by the ________ of certain animal cells, and by the ________ of
certain plant cells.
7) What is the primary role of a mushroom's
underground mycelium?
8) What do fungi and arthropods have in common?
9) In septate fungi,
what structures allow cytoplasmic streaming to
distribute needed nutrients, synthesized compounds, and organelles throughout
the hyphae?
10) What best accounts for the extremely fast
growth of a fungal mycelium?
11) The vegetative (nutritionally activ(E) bodies of most
fungi are
12) Both fungus-farming ants and their fungi can
synthesize the same structural polysaccharide from the b-glucose molecules that are derived from the
digestion of plant leaves. What is the
synthesized polysaccharide?
13) Consider two hyphae
having equal dimensions: one from a septate species and the other from a coenocytic
species. Compared with the septate species, the coenocytic species should have
14) Which of the following terms is not properly associated with the fungi
as a kingdom?
15) Which of the following cannot be assigned to
any one kind of morphology (that is, unicellular or hyphted
or to any one fungal taxon?
16) In fungi, karyogamy
does not immediately follow plasmogamy, which
17) If all of their nuclei are equally active transcriptionally, then the cells of both dikaryotic and heterokaryotic
fungi are essentially like ________ cells in terms of the gene products they
can make.
18) What is a fungal process that has the opposite effect on chromosome number
than the effect of meiosis?
Diploid nuclei of the ascomycete
Neurospora crassa contain 14
chromosomes. A single diploid cell in an
ascus will undergo one round of meiosis, followed in
each of the daughter cells by one round of mitosis,
19) If a
single, diploid G2 nucleus in an ascus
contains 400 nanograms (ng)
of DNA, then a single mature ascospore of this
species should contain ________ ng of DNA, carried on
a total of ________ chromosomes.
20) What is the ploidy
of a single mature Neurospora
ascospore?
21) Each of the eight ascospores
present at the end of mitosis has the same chromosome number and DNA content (ng) as each of the four cells at the end of meiosis. What
must have occurred between the round of meiosis and the round of mitosis?
22) Cytokinesis is to
nuclear division as ________ is to karyogamy.
23) Which of the following statements is true of deuteromycetes?
24) A chemical secreted by female Bombyx moths
helps the male of the species locate her, at which time sexual reproduction may
occur. This chemical is most similar in
function to which chemicals used by certain fungi?
25) Which of the following is characterized by
the lack of an observed sexual phase in its members' life cycle?
26) A biologist is trying to classify a new
organism on the basis of the following characteristics: fungus-like in
appearance, reproduces by conidia, has no apparent sexual phase, and parasitizes woody plants.
If asked for a) If the choanoflagellate protist from
which animals are thought to have evolved were classified as an opisthokont, then what should be true of these choanoflagellates?
The end of the cell from which the flagellum
emerges should be homologous to the posterior ends of 29) Considered at the taxonomic level of the
kingdom, which of the following constitute a monophyletic
clade?
30) Fossil fungi date back to the origin and
early evolution of plants. What combination of environmental and morphological
change is similar in the evolution of both fungi and plants?
31) Which of the following characteristics is not shared by both chytrids
and other kinds of fungi?
32) If the multicellular
condition is an adaptation, rather than an accident, then the multicellular condition of animals and fungi seems to have
arisen
33) Asexual reproduction in yeasts occurs by
budding. Due to unequal cytokinesis, the
"bud" cell receives less cytoplasm than the parent cell. Which of the
following should be true of the smaller cell until it reaches the size of the
larger cell?
Match
the phyla below with the descriptions that follow. Each term may be used once,
more than once, or not at all.
A. Zygomycota B. Ascomycota C. Basidiomycota D.Glomeromycota E. Chytridiomycota
34) This phylum contains organisms that most
closely resemble the common ancestor of fungi and
35) This phylum formerly included the members of
the new phylum Glomeromycota, and may also
36) Members of this phylum produce two kinds of
haploid spores, one kind being asexually produced 37) This phylum contains the mushrooms, shelf
fungi, and puffballs.
38) Members of this phylum form arbuscular mycorrhizae.
39) You have been given the assignment of
locating living members of the phylum Glomeromycota. Where is the best place to look for these
fungi?
40) What are the sporangia of bread molds?
41) The gray-black filamentous mycelium growing
on bread is most likely what kind of organism?
42) The ascomycetes get
their name from which aspect of their life cycle?
43) Which of these fungal structures are
structurally and functionally most alike?
44) You are given an organism to identify. It has
a fruiting body that contains many structures with eight haploid spores lined up
in a row. What kind of a fungus is this?
45) Which has the least affiliation with all of the
others?
46) Which of these fungal structures is
associated with asexual reproduction?
47) How are mushrooms and toadstools classified?
48) Arrange the following from largest to
smallest, assuming that they all come from the same fungus.
1. basidiocarp 2. basidium 3. basidiospore 4. mycelium 5. gill
49)
Mushrooms with gills, typically available in supermarkets, have meiotically produced spores located in or on ________ and
belong to the phylum ________.
50) A fungal spore germinates, giving rise to a
mycelium that grows outward into the soil surrounding the site where the spore
originally landed. What process best
accounts for the observation that, upon reaching sexual maturity, this fungus
produces a nearly circular fairy ring despite the fact that organic nutrients
are not evenly distributed in the soil?
51) In what structures do both Penicillium and
Aspergillus produce asexual spores?
52) The nonpathogenic fungus that produces a
fairy ring grows outward in concentric rings over the course of years. As a
result, what should be less abundant
in the soil within the ring soon after the fungal hyphae colonize it?
53) Chemicals, secreted by soil fungi, that
inhibit the growth of bacteria are known as
54) Lichens are symbiotic associations of fungi
and
55) Lichens sometimes reproduce asexually using
56) The symbiotic associations involving roots
and soil fungi are considered
57) If there were no mycorrhizae,
then which of the following would be true?
58) Which of the following best describes the physical relationship of the partners involved
in lichens?
59) If haustoria were
to appear within the photosynthetic partner of a lichen, and if the growth rate
of the photosynthetic partner consequently slowed substantially, then this
would support the claim that
60) How are the vascular plants that are involved
in mycorrhizae and the photosynthetic cells that are involved
in lichens alike?
61) When pathogenic fungi are found growing on
the roots of grape vines, grape farmers sometimes respond by covering the
ground around their vines with plastic sheeting and pumping a gaseous fungicide
into the soil. The most important
concern of viticulturists who engage in this practice should be that the
62) The terms below all refer to symbiotic
relationships that involve fungi except
63) If Penicillium secreted penicillin while involved in a lichen
relationship, what must have been true about its partner?
64) Sexual reproduction has never been observed
among the fungi that produce the blue-green marbling of blue cheeses. What is
true of these fungi and others that do not have a a sexual stage?
65) Both fungus-derived antibiotics and
hallucinogens used by humans probably evolved in fungi as a means to
66) A billionaire buys a sterile volcanic island
that recently emerged from the sea. To
speed the arrival of conditions necessary for plant growth, the billionaire
might be advised to aerially sow ________ over the island.
67) Taxol is a drug derived from a certain species of yew trees.
In humans, the drug's cancer-fighting properties may counter the effects
of
68) The following conditions are all caused by a
fungus except
69) Fungi are beneficial to agriculture in all of
the following ways except in that
they
70) Basidia produce
spores by a process known as
71) Karyogamy produces
a
72) Which of these contain two haploid nuclei?
73) In sac fungi, karyogamy
and meiosis occur in
74) A nucleus with an ascus
undergoes meiosis, producing four haploid spores, which then undergo mitosis,
producing eight haploid ascospores. These haploid ascospores contain a maximum of ________ different genetic
types.
75) All fungi share which of the following
characteristics?
76) Which feature seen in chytrids
supports the hypothesis that they represent the most primitive fungi?
77) Which of the following cells or structures
are associated with asexual reproduction
in fungi?
78) Which of the following is an example of an
opportunistic pathogen that can cause a mycosis?
79) The adaptive advantage associated with the
filamentous nature of the mycelium is primarily related to
80) Sporangia on erect hyphae
that produce asexual spores are characteristic of
81) Basidiomycetes
differ from other fungi in that they
82) Which of the following is the best
description of a mold?
83) The photosynthetic symbiont
of a lichen is often a(n)
84) The closest relatives of fungi are probably