Review Chapter 22: Descent with Modification:
1) On which of the following did Linnaeus base
his classification system?
2) Catastrophism, meaning the regular occurrence
of geological or meteorological disturbances (catastrophes), was Cuvier's
attempt to explain the existence of
3) Which of the
following events, as described here, is most in agreement with the idea of
catastrophism?
4) What was the prevailing notion prior to the
time of Lyell and Darwin?
5) During a study session about evolution, one
of your fellow students remarks, "The giraffe
stretched its neck while reaching for higher leaves; its offspring inherited
longer necks as a result." Which statement would you use to correct this
student's misconception?
6) Which explains variations in homologous
structures?
7) The theory of evolution is most accurately
described as
8) Darwin's mechanism
of natural selection required long time spans in order to modify species. From whom did Darwin get the concept of
Earth's ancient age?
9) Darwin had initially expected the living
plants of temperate South America to resemble those of temperate Europe, but he
was surprised to find that they more closely resembled the plants of tropical South America. The biological explanation for this
observation is most properly associated with the field of
10) Who was the
naturalist who synthesized a concept of natural selection independently of
Darwin?
11) Charles Darwin was
the first to propose
12) In evolutionary terms, the more closely related
two different organisms are, the
13) Both Darwin's and Lamarck's ideas regarding
evolution suggest which of the following?
14) Natural selection
is based on all of the following except
15) Which of the following represents an idea
Darwin took from the writings of Thomas Malthus?
16) It has been observed that organisms on
islands are different from, but closely related to, similar forms found on the
nearest continent. This is taken as evidence that
17) Given a population
that contains genetic variation, what is the correct sequence of the following
events, under the influence of natural selection?
1. Differential
reproduction occurs.
2. A new selective
pressure arises.
3. Allele frequencies
within the population change.
4. Poorly adapted
individuals have decreased survivorship.
18)
Structures as different as human arms, bat wings, and dolphin flippers
contain many of the same bones, these bones having developed from the same
embryonic tissues. How do biologists
interpret these similarities?
by identifying the
bones as being homologous by proposing
that humans, bats, and dolphins share a 19)
Human intestines are held in place by membranes called mesenteries. In bipedal humans, it would be logical for
these mesenteries to be attached to the rib cage. Instead, they are attached to the backbone,
as they are in quadrupedal mammals.
Because of this arrangement, human mesenteries have a tendency to tear
more often than mesenteries in other mammals, as frequently observed among
truck drivers and jackhammer operators.
The same evolutionary modification that causes increased susceptibility
to torn mesenteries is responsible for
20) As adults, certain
species of whales possess baleen instead of teeth. Baleen is used to filter the whales' diet of
planktonic animals from seawater. As
embryos, baleen whales possess teeth, which are later replaced by baleen. The teeth of embryonic baleen whales are
evidence that
21) Which of the
following pieces of evidence most strongly supports the common origin of all
life on Earth?
22) What would be the best technique for
determining the evolutionary relationships among several closely related
species, each of which still contains living members?
23) Logically, which of these should cast the most doubt on the relationships depicted
by an evolutionary tree?
24) A biologist studied a population of squirrels
for 15 years. During that time, the population was never fewer than 30
squirrels and never more than 45. Her data showed that over half of the
squirrels born did not survive to reproduce, because of competition for food
and predation. In a single generation,
90% of the squirrels that were born lived to reproduce, and the population
increased to 80. What inferences might you make about this population?
25) Which statement best describes how the
evolution of pesticide resistance occurs in a population of insects?
26) Of the following anatomical structures, which
is homologous to the wing of a bat?
Review:The Evolution of Populations
1) What is the most important missing evidence
or observation in Darwin's theory of 1859?
2) Which hypothesis of inheritance, common at
Darwin's time, caused many to question the ability of natural selection to
bring about adaptation in populations?
3) Which definition of evolution would have been
most foreign to Charles Darwin during his lifetime?
4) What is true of the modern evolutionary
synthesis?
5) Cattle breeders have improved the quality of
meat over the years by which process?
6) The allele that causes phenylketonuria (PKU)
is harmful, except when an infant's diet lacks the amino acid,
phenylalanine. What maintains the
presence of this harmful allele in a population's gene pool?
7) Heterozygote advantage should be most closely
linked to which of the following?
8) What is the result of natural selection?
13) Most copies of
harmful recessive alleles in a sexual species are carried by individuals that
are
14) In a population with two alleles, A and a, the frequency of A is
0.2. Organisms that are homozygous for A die before reaching sexual maturity.
In five generations, what would be the frequency of individuals with aa genotypes?
15) Gene flow is a
concept best used to describe an exchange between
16) In sexually reproducing organisms, the events
of ________ do not contribute to an
increase in genetic variation.
17) When we say that an
individual organism has a greater fitness than another individual, we
specifically mean that the organism
18) Which of the following statements best
summarizes evolution as it is viewed today?
19) Through time, the movement of people on Earth
has steadily increased. This has altered the course of human evolution by
increasing
20) Which of the
following is not a requirement for
maintenance of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
21) Which factor is the most important in producing the variability that occurs in each
generation of humans?
22) All the genes in a
population are the population's
23) Sparrows with average-sized wings survive
severe storms better than those with longer or shorter wings, illustrating
24) The following important concepts of
population genetics are due to random events or chance except
The
following questions refer to this information:
In the year 2500, five male space colonists and
five female space colonists (all unrelated to each other) settle on an
uninhabited Earthlike planet in the Andromeda galaxy. The colonists and their
offspring randomly mate for generations.
All ten of the original colonists had free earlobes, and two were
heterozygous for that trait. The allele
for free earlobes is dominant to the allele for attached earlobes.
25) If four of the original colonists died before
they produced offspring, the ratios of genotypes could be quite different in
the subsequent generations. This is an example of
26) Which of these is closest to the allele
frequency in the founding population?
27) If one assumes that Hardy-Weinberg
equilibrium applies to the population of colonists on this planet, about how
many people will have attached earlobes when the planet's population reaches
10,000?
Choose
among these options to answer the following questions. Each option may be used
once, more than once, or not at all.
A. random
selection
B. directional
selection
C. stabilizing
selection
D. disruptive
selection
E. sexual
selection
28) An African butterfly species exists in two
strikingly different color patterns.
29) Most Swiss starlings produce four to five
eggs in each clutch.
30) Fossil
evidence indicates that horses have gradually increased in size over geologic
time.
31) The average birth weight for human babies is
about 3 kg.
32) A certain species of land snail exists as
either a cream color or a solid brown color.
33) Brightly
colored peacocks mate more frequently than do drab peacocks.
Use
the following information to answer the questions below.
In a hypothetical population of 1,000 people,
tests of blood-type genes show that 160 have the genotype AA, 480 have the genotype AB,
and 360 have the genotype BB.
34) In peas, a gene controls flower color such
that R = purple and r = white. In an isolated pea patch,
there are 36 purple flowers and 64 white flowers. Assuming Hardy-Weinberg
equilibrium, what is the value of q for this population?
35) What is the frequency of the A allele?
36) What is the frequency of the B allele?
37) What percentage of the population has type O
blood?
38) If there are 4,000 children born to this
generation, how many would be expected to have AB blood under the conditions of
Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
Use
the following information to answer the questions below.
A large population of laboratory animals has been
allowed to breed randomly for a number of generations. After several generations,
36% of the animals display a recessive trait (aa), the same percentage as at
the beginning of the breeding program. The rest of the animals show the
dominant phenotype, with heterozygotes indistinguishable from the homozygous
dominants.
39) In a population with two alleles, A and a, the frequency of a is 0.50. What would be the frequency of heterozygotes
if the population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
40) What is the estimated frequency of allele a in the gene pool?
41) What proportion of the population is probably
heterozygous (A(A)
for this trait?
42) All of the
following are criteria for maintaining Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium involving two
alleles except
43) In a Hardy-Weinberg population with two
alleles, A and a, that are in equilibrium, the frequency of the allele a is 0.7.
What is the percentage of the population that is homozygous for this allele?
44) In a Hardy-Weinberg population with two
alleles, A and a, that are in equilibrium, the
frequency of allele a is 0.7. What is the percentage of the population that is
heterozygous for this allele?
45) In a Hardy-Weinberg population with two
alleles, A and a, that are in equilibrium, the
frequency of allele a is 0.2. What is the frequency of individuals with Aa genotype?