Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration: Revised Review

1) What is the term used for the metabolic pathway in which glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆) is degraded to carbon dioxide (CO₂) and water?

2) Which of the following statements is (are) correct about an oxidation-reduction (or redox) reaction?

3) Which of the following statements describes the results of this reaction?

C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6 O₂ à 6 CO₂ + 6 H₂O + Energy

4) Which process in eukaryotic cells will proceed normally whether oxygen (O₂) is present or absent?

5) Cellular respiration harvests the most chemical energy from which of the following?

6) During aerobic respiration, electrons travel downhill in which sequence?

7) Where do the catabolic products of fatty acid breakdown enter into the citric acid cycle?

8) Where are the proteins of the electron transport chain located?

9) In glycolysis, for each molecule of glucose oxidized to pyruvate

10) During aerobic respiration, which of the following directly donates electrons to the electron transport chain at the lowest energy level?

11) The primary role of oxygen in cellular respiration is to

12) A molecule that is phosphorylated

13) During oxidative phosphorylation, H₂O is formed. Where does the oxygen for the synthesis of the water come from?

14) Which metabolic process is most closely associated with intracellular membranes?

15) In chemiosmotic phosphorylation, what is the most direct source of energy that is used to convert ADP + P_i to ATP?

16) During aerobic cellular respiration, a proton gradient in mitochondria is generated by ________ and used primarily for ________.

17) The direct energy source that drives ATP synthesis during respiratory oxidative phosphorylation is

18) When hydrogen ions are pumped from the mitochondrial matrix across the inner membrane and into the intermembrane space, the result is the

19) Where is ATP synthase located in the mitochondrion?

20) Each time a molecule of glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆) is completely oxidized via aerobic respiration, how many oxygen molecules (O₂) are required?

21) Approximately how many molecules of ATP are produced from the complete oxidation of two molecules of glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆) in cellular respiration?

22) Which of the following normally occurs whether or not oxygen (O₂) is present?

23) Which metabolic pathway is common to both cellular respiration and fermentation?

24) How many ATP molecules are produced by glycolysis?

25) In fermentation, ________ is ________.

26) The immediate energy source that drives ATP synthesis by ATP synthase during oxidative phosphorylation is

27) Which of the following is a true distinction between fermentation and cellular respiration?

28) Most CO₂ from catabolism is released during

Refer to Figure 9.1 to answer the following questions.

Figure 9.1 illustrates some of the steps (reactions) of glycolysis in their proper sequence. Each step is lettered. Use these letters to answer the questions.

Figure 9.1

29) Which step shows a split of one molecule into two smaller molecules?

30) In which step is an inorganic phosphate added to the reactant?

31) In which reaction does an intermediate pathway become oxidized?

32) Which step involves an endergonic reaction?

33) Which step consists of a phosphorylation reaction in which ATP is the phosphate source?

34) Substrate-level phosphorylation accounts for approximately what percentage of the

Refer to Figure 9.2, showing the citric acid cycle, as a guide to answer the following questions.

Figure 9.2

35) Starting with one molecule of isocitrate and ending with fumarate, what is the maximum number of ATP molecules that could be made through substrate-level phosphorylation?

36) Carbon skeletons for amino acid biosynthesis are supplied by intermediates of the citric acid cycle. Which intermediate would supply the carbon skeleton for synthesis of a five-carbon amino acid?

37) Starting with one molecule of citrate and ending with oxaloacetate, how many ATP molecules can be formed from oxidative phosphorylation (chemiosmosis)?

38) How many ATP molecules could be made through substrate-level phosphorylation plus oxidative phosphorylation (chemiosmosis) if you started with three molecules of succinyl CoA and ended with oxaloacetate?

39) How many molecules of carbon dioxide (CO₂) would be produced by five turns of the citric acid cycle?

40) How many reduced dinucleotides would be produced with four turns of the citric acid cycle?

41) Starting with citrate, how many of the following would be produced with three turns of the citric acid cycle?

42) The final electron acceptor of the electron transport chain that functions in oxidative phosphorylation is

43) Where does glycolysis takes place?

44) The ATP made during glycolysis is generated by

45) The oxygen consumed during cellular respiration is involved directly in which process 46) During glycolysis, when glucose is catabolized to pyruvate, most of the energy of glucose is

47) In addition to ATP, what are the end products of glycolysis?

48) How many carbon atoms are fed into the citric acid cycle as a result of the oxidation of one molecule of pyruvate?

49) Carbon dioxide (CO₂) is released during which of the following stages of cellular respiration?

50) Which of the following produces the most ATP when glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆) is completely oxidized to carbon dioxide (CO₂) and water?

51) Pyruvate is formed

52) Most of the energy that enters electron transport enters as

53) Muscle cells in oxygen deprivation convert pyruvate to ________, and in this step gain ________.

54) In the absence of oxygen, yeast cells can obtain energy by fermentation, resulting in the production of

55) When glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆) is oxidized to CO₂ and water in cellular respiration, approximately 40% of the energy content of glucose is transferred to

56) Which of the following occurs in the cytosol of the cell?

57) In the presence of oxygen, the three-carbon compound pyruvate can be catabolized in the citric acid cycle. First, however, the pyruvate 1) loses a carbon, which is given off as a molecule of CO₂, 2) is oxidized to form a two-carbon compound called acetate, and 3) is bonded to coenzyme A. These three steps result in the formation of

58) Starting with one molecule of glucose, the "net" products of glycolysis are