Review Chapter 22: Descent with Modification:

1) On which of the following did Linnaeus base his classification system?

2) Catastrophism, meaning the regular occurrence of geological or meteorological disturbances (catastrophes), was Cuvier's attempt to explain the existence of

3) Which of the following events, as described here, is most in agreement with the idea of catastrophism?

4) What was the prevailing notion prior to the time of Lyell and Darwin?

5) During a study session about evolution, one of your fellow students remarks, "The giraffe stretched its neck while reaching for higher leaves; its offspring inherited longer necks as a result." Which statement would you use to correct this student's misconception?

6) Which explains variations in homologous structures?

7) The theory of evolution is most accurately described as

8) Darwin's mechanism of natural selection required long time spans in order to modify species. From whom did Darwin get the concept of Earth's ancient age?

9) Darwin had initially expected the living plants of temperate South America to resemble those of temperate Europe, but he was surprised to find that they more closely resembled the plants of tropical South America. The biological explanation for this observation is most properly associated with the field of

10) Who was the naturalist who synthesized a concept of natural selection independently of Darwin?

11) Charles Darwin was the first to propose

12) In evolutionary terms, the more closely related two different organisms are, the

13) Both Darwin's and Lamarck's ideas regarding evolution suggest which of the following?

14) Natural selection is based on all of the following except

15) Which of the following represents an idea Darwin took from the writings of Thomas Malthus?

16) It has been observed that organisms on islands are different from, but closely related to, similar forms found on the nearest continent. This is taken as evidence that

17) Given a population that contains genetic variation, what is the correct sequence of the following events, under the influence of natural selection?

1. Differential reproduction occurs.

2. A new selective pressure arises.

3. Allele frequencies within the population change.

4. Poorly adapted individuals have decreased survivorship.

18) Structures as different as human arms, bat wings, and dolphin flippers contain many of the same bones, these bones having developed from the same embryonic tissues. How do biologists interpret these similarities?

by identifying the bones as being homologous by proposing that humans, bats, and dolphins share a 19) Human intestines are held in place by membranes called mesenteries. In bipedal humans, it would be logical for these mesenteries to be attached to the rib cage. Instead, they are attached to the backbone, as they are in quadrupedal mammals. Because of this arrangement, human mesenteries have a tendency to tear more often than mesenteries in other mammals, as frequently observed among truck drivers and jackhammer operators. The same evolutionary modification that causes increased susceptibility to torn mesenteries is responsible for

20) As adults, certain species of whales possess baleen instead of teeth. Baleen is used to filter the whales' diet of planktonic animals from seawater. As embryos, baleen whales possess teeth, which are later replaced by baleen. The teeth of embryonic baleen whales are evidence that

21) Which of the following pieces of evidence most strongly supports the common origin of all life on Earth?

22) What would be the best technique for determining the evolutionary relationships among several closely related species, each of which still contains living members?

23) Logically, which of these should cast the most doubt on the relationships depicted by an evolutionary tree?

24) A biologist studied a population of squirrels for 15 years. During that time, the population was never fewer than 30 squirrels and never more than 45. Her data showed that over half of the squirrels born did not survive to reproduce, because of competition for food and predation. In a single generation, 90% of the squirrels that were born lived to reproduce, and the population increased to 80. What inferences might you make about this population?

25) Which statement best describes how the evolution of pesticide resistance occurs in a population of insects?

26) Of the following anatomical structures, which is homologous to the wing of a bat?

REVIEW: DNA Technology and Genomics

1) Plasmids are important in biotechnology because they are

2) In recombinant DNA methods, the term vector can refer to

3) What is the enzymatic function of restriction enzymes?

4) How does a bacterial cell protect its own DNA from restriction enzymes?

5) What is a cloning vector?

6) What is the most logical sequence of steps for splicing foreign DNA into a plasmid and inserting the plasmid into a bacterium?

I. Transform bacteria with recombinant DNA molecule.

II. Cut the plasmid DNA using restriction enzymes.

III. Extract plasmid DNA from bacterial cells.

IV. Hydrogen-bond the plasmid DNA to nonplasmid DNA fragments.

V. Use ligase to seal plasmid DNA to nonplasmid DNA.

7) Bacteria containing recombinant plasmids are often identified by which process?

8) The DNA fragments making up a genomic library are generally contained in

9) A eukaryotic protein can be made in bacteria by inserting the gene encoding the protein into a(n)

10) How does a genomic library differ from a cDNA library?

11) The polymerase chain reaction is important because it allows us to

12) Yeast artificial chromosomes contain which of the following elements?

13) The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has been used to amplify DNA from which of the following?

14) Which of the following best describes the complete sequence of steps occurring during every cycle of PCR?

1. The primers hybridize to the target DNA.

2. The mixture is heated to a high temperature to denature the double stranded target DNA.

3. Fresh DNA polymerase is added.

4. DNA polymerase extends the primers to make a copy of the target DNA.

The following questions refer to the techniques, tools, or substances listed below. Answers may be used once, more than once, or not at all.

A. restriction enzymes

B. gene cloning

C. DNA ligase

D. gel electrophoresis

E. reverse transcriptase

15) produces multiple identical copies of a gene for basic research or for large-scale production of a gene product

16) separates molecules by movement due to size and electrical charge

17) seals the sticky ends of restriction fragments to make recombinant DNA

18) is used to make complementary DNA (cDN(A) from RNA

19) cuts DNA molecules at specific locations

20) Restriction fragments of DNA are typically separated from one another by which process?

21) Which of the following is least related to the others?

22) Probes are short, single-stranded DNA or RNA segments that are used to identify DNA fragments with a particular sequence. In order to identify a specific restriction fragment using a probe, what must be done?

23) DNA fragments from a gel are transferred to a nitrocellulose paper during the procedure called

24) RFLP analysis can be used to distinguish between alleles based on differences in

25) RFLPs played an important role in the Human Genome Project because they

26) The completion of the Human Genome Project revealed that the human genome contains fewer genes than expected, not so many more than simpler organisms. How can this be reconciled with the greater complexity of humans relative to many other organisms?

27) DNA microarrays have made a huge impact on genomic studies because they

28) Proteomics presents a particular challenge because

29) A DNA profile is produced by

treating selected segments of DNA with restriction enzymes. electrophoresis of restriction fragments. using 30) Current applications of biotechnology include

31) What is the advantage of being able to clone the gene for human insulin?

32) In order to insert a human gene into a plasmid, both must

33) What enzyme forms covalent bonds between restriction fragments?

34) Plants are more readily manipulated by genetic engineering than are animals because

35) A paleontologist has recovered a bit of tissue from the 400-year-old preserved skin of an extinct dodo (a bird). The researcher would like to compare DNA from the sample with DNA from living birds. Which of the following would be most useful for increasing the amount of dodo DNA available for testing?

36) DNA technology has many medical applications. Which of the following is not done routinely at present?