REVIEW: DNA Technology and Genomics

1) Plasmids are important in biotechnology because they are

2) In recombinant DNA methods, the term vector can refer to

3) What is the enzymatic function of restriction enzymes?

4) How does a bacterial cell protect its own DNA from restriction enzymes?

5) What is a cloning vector?

6) What is the most logical sequence of steps for splicing foreign DNA into a plasmid and inserting the plasmid into a bacterium?

I. Transform bacteria with recombinant DNA molecule.

II. Cut the plasmid DNA using restriction enzymes.

III. Extract plasmid DNA from bacterial cells.

IV. Hydrogen-bond the plasmid DNA to nonplasmid DNA fragments.

V. Use ligase to seal plasmid DNA to nonplasmid DNA.

7) Bacteria containing recombinant plasmids are often identified by which process?

8) The DNA fragments making up a genomic library are generally contained in

9) A eukaryotic protein can be made in bacteria by inserting the gene encoding the protein into a(n)

10) How does a genomic library differ from a cDNA library?

11) The polymerase chain reaction is important because it allows us to

12) Yeast artificial chromosomes contain which of the following elements?

13) The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has been used to amplify DNA from which of the following?

14) Which of the following best describes the complete sequence of steps occurring during every cycle of PCR?

1. The primers hybridize to the target DNA.

2. The mixture is heated to a high temperature to denature the double stranded target DNA.

3. Fresh DNA polymerase is added.

4. DNA polymerase extends the primers to make a copy of the target DNA.

The following questions refer to the techniques, tools, or substances listed below. Answers may be used once, more than once, or not at all.

A. restriction enzymes

B. gene cloning

C. DNA ligase

D. gel electrophoresis

E. reverse transcriptase

15) produces multiple identical copies of a gene for basic research or for large-scale production of a gene product

16) separates molecules by movement due to size and electrical charge

17) seals the sticky ends of restriction fragments to make recombinant DNA

18) is used to make complementary DNA (cDN(A) from RNA

19) cuts DNA molecules at specific locations

20) Restriction fragments of DNA are typically separated from one another by which process?

21) Which of the following is least related to the others?

22) Probes are short, single-stranded DNA or RNA segments that are used to identify DNA fragments with a particular sequence. In order to identify a specific restriction fragment using a probe, what must be done?

23) DNA fragments from a gel are transferred to a nitrocellulose paper during the procedure called

24) RFLP analysis can be used to distinguish between alleles based on differences in

25) RFLPs played an important role in the Human Genome Project because they

26) The completion of the Human Genome Project revealed that the human genome contains fewer genes than expected, not so many more than simpler organisms. How can this be reconciled with the greater complexity of humans relative to many other organisms?

27) DNA microarrays have made a huge impact on genomic studies because they

28) Proteomics presents a particular challenge because

29) A DNA profile is produced by

treating selected segments of DNA with restriction enzymes. electrophoresis of restriction fragments. using 30) Current applications of biotechnology include

31) What is the advantage of being able to clone the gene for human insulin?

32) In order to insert a human gene into a plasmid, both must

33) What enzyme forms covalent bonds between restriction fragments?

34) Plants are more readily manipulated by genetic engineering than are animals because

35) A paleontologist has recovered a bit of tissue from the 400-year-old preserved skin of an extinct dodo (a bird). The researcher would like to compare DNA from the sample with DNA from living birds. Which of the following would be most useful for increasing the amount of dodo DNA available for testing?

36) DNA technology has many medical applications. Which of the following is not done routinely at present?