Review Chapter 22: Descent with Modification:

1) On which of the following did Linnaeus base his classification system?

2) Catastrophism, meaning the regular occurrence of geological or meteorological disturbances (catastrophes), was Cuvier's attempt to explain the existence of

3) Which of the following events, as described here, is most in agreement with the idea of catastrophism?

4) What was the prevailing notion prior to the time of Lyell and Darwin?

5) During a study session about evolution, one of your fellow students remarks, "The giraffe stretched its neck while reaching for higher leaves; its offspring inherited longer necks as a result." Which statement would you use to correct this student's misconception?

6) Which explains variations in homologous structures?

7) The theory of evolution is most accurately described as

8) Darwin's mechanism of natural selection required long time spans in order to modify species. From whom did Darwin get the concept of Earth's ancient age?

9) Darwin had initially expected the living plants of temperate South America to resemble those of temperate Europe, but he was surprised to find that they more closely resembled the plants of tropical South America. The biological explanation for this observation is most properly associated with the field of

10) Who was the naturalist who synthesized a concept of natural selection independently of Darwin?

11) Charles Darwin was the first to propose

12) In evolutionary terms, the more closely related two different organisms are, the

13) Both Darwin's and Lamarck's ideas regarding evolution suggest which of the following?

14) Natural selection is based on all of the following except

15) Which of the following represents an idea Darwin took from the writings of Thomas Malthus?

16) It has been observed that organisms on islands are different from, but closely related to, similar forms found on the nearest continent. This is taken as evidence that

17) Given a population that contains genetic variation, what is the correct sequence of the following events, under the influence of natural selection?

1. Differential reproduction occurs.

2. A new selective pressure arises.

3. Allele frequencies within the population change.

4. Poorly adapted individuals have decreased survivorship.

18) Structures as different as human arms, bat wings, and dolphin flippers contain many of the same bones, these bones having developed from the same embryonic tissues. How do biologists interpret these similarities?

by identifying the bones as being homologous by proposing that humans, bats, and dolphins share a 19) Human intestines are held in place by membranes called mesenteries. In bipedal humans, it would be logical for these mesenteries to be attached to the rib cage. Instead, they are attached to the backbone, as they are in quadrupedal mammals. Because of this arrangement, human mesenteries have a tendency to tear more often than mesenteries in other mammals, as frequently observed among truck drivers and jackhammer operators. The same evolutionary modification that causes increased susceptibility to torn mesenteries is responsible for

20) As adults, certain species of whales possess baleen instead of teeth. Baleen is used to filter the whales' diet of planktonic animals from seawater. As embryos, baleen whales possess teeth, which are later replaced by baleen. The teeth of embryonic baleen whales are evidence that

21) Which of the following pieces of evidence most strongly supports the common origin of all life on Earth?

22) What would be the best technique for determining the evolutionary relationships among several closely related species, each of which still contains living members?

23) Logically, which of these should cast the most doubt on the relationships depicted by an evolutionary tree?

24) A biologist studied a population of squirrels for 15 years. During that time, the population was never fewer than 30 squirrels and never more than 45. Her data showed that over half of the squirrels born did not survive to reproduce, because of competition for food and predation. In a single generation, 90% of the squirrels that were born lived to reproduce, and the population increased to 80. What inferences might you make about this population?

25) Which statement best describes how the evolution of pesticide resistance occurs in a population of insects?

26) Of the following anatomical structures, which is homologous to the wing of a bat?