Chp 5 Objectives

Why This Chapter Matters

1. Biological systems rely on several forms of energy.

2. Living systems require an input of energy to maintain order and survive.

3. Energy coupling enables cells to transfer energy from reactions that yield energy to
processes that consume energy.

4. Enzymes promote specific chemical reactions in cells. Without enzymes, life would not be possible.

5. Membranes specifically regulate the passage of materials into and out of a cell and
enable cells to respond to their environments. These interactions are essential to life and an understanding of many forms of disease.

Chapter Objectives

Biology and Society: Harnessing Cellular Structures

1. Explain how nanotechnology might be used to power microscopic robots.

Some Basic Energy Concepts

2. Define the terms energy, kinetic energy, potential energy, and the principle of
conservation of energy.

3. Explain the relationship between heat and entropy.

4. Compare the processes by which a car and a human use “fuel” to perform work.

5. Compare the amount of energy in a calorie, kilocalorie, and Calorie. Which is most
commonly used on food labels?

ATP and Cellular Work

6. Explain how ATP powers cellular work.

7. Explain how ATP is recycled.

Enzymes

8. Explain why enzymes are needed in living organisms.

9. Explain how enzymes are able to speed up specific chemical reactions.

10. Explain how inhibitors and poisons can affect enzyme activity.

Membrane Function

11. Define and distinguish between the following pairs of terms: diffusion versus osmosis, passive transport versus active transport, hypertonic versus hypotonic, endocytosis
versus exocytosis, and phagocytosis versus pinocytosis.

12. Explain how signal transduction pathways permit environmental stimuli to impact the
activities inside of a cell.

Evolution Connection: The Origin of Membranes

13. Explain why phospholipids were probably some of the first organic compounds to form as life emerged on Earth.