Chapter 16 Objectives

Biology and Society: The Diamond of the Kitchen

1. Explain why truffles are highly desired, difficult to find, and expensive.

2. Describe the symbiotic relationship between trees and fungi.

Colonizing Land

3. Distinguish between algae and plants. Describe the functions of the following terrestrial adaptations: stomata, cuticle, lignin, vascular tissue, and gametangia.

4. Describe the process by which algae likely evolved onto land.

Plant Diversity

5. Describe the four major periods of plant evolution and the major adaptations associated with each stage.

6. Describe the life cycle and two key terrestrial adaptations of mosses.

7. Explain how ferns differ from and are similar to mosses. Explain how ancient life became today’s fossil fuels.

8. Describe the environmental conditions that favored the evolution of gymnosperms. Describe the three additional adaptations to life on land that first appeared in gymnosperms.

9. Describe the parts and functions of a flower. Explain how flowers attract pollinators and why this is adaptive.

10. Describe the reasons for the ongoing loss of plant diversity and its likely cost to humans.

Fungi

11. Describe the feeding, structure, reproduction, ecological roles, and commercial uses of fungi.

Evolution Connection: Mutually Beneficial Symbiosis

12. Distinguish between parasitic and mutually beneficial symbiotic relationships. Describe the relationships between fungi and plant roots to form mycorrhizae and algae and fungi to form lichens.