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11.2 | The Application Layer | ||
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Introduction to the TCP/IP application layer |
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When the TCP/IP model was designed, the
session and presentation layers from the OSI model were bundled into
the application layer of the TCP model. This means that
issues of representation, encoding, and dialog control are handled in
the application layer rather than in separate lower layers as in the OSI model. This design assures that the TCP/IP model provides maximum
flexibility at the application layer for developers of software.
The TCP/IP protocols that support file
transfer, e-mail, and remote login are probably the most familiar to
users of the Internet.
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These
protocols include the following applications: 
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