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- Explain basic and dynamic disks
- Partition, format, and manage basic disks and convert them to dynamic
disks
- Create and manage simple, spanned, striped, RAID-5, and mirrored dynamic
disks
- Mount a drive
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- Manage removable storage and set up media pools
- Perform disk backups
- Tune server performance
- Configure Windows 2000 Server for an uninterruptible power supply (UPS)
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- Uses traditional disk management techniques
- Is partitioned and formatted
- Can be set up to employ disk sets
- Offered for backward compatibility with earlier versions of Windows and
MS-DOS
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- Blocks a group of tracks and sectors in preparation for a file system
- Places a master boot record and partition table in the beginning track
and sectors on a disk
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- When you partition a basic disk, leave 1 MB free for workspace which is
necessary to later convert to a dynamic disk
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- Primary partition: A partition or portion of a hard disk that is
bootable
- Extended Partition: A partition that is created from unpartitioned free
disk space and is linked to a primary partition in order to increase the
available disk space
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- Boot partition: A partition that holds the Windows 2000 Server \Winnt
folder containing the system files
- System partition: A partition that contains boot files, such as Boot.ini
and Ntldr in Windows 2000 Server
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- Formatting creates a table containing file and folder information for a
specific file system in a partition – it also creates a root folder and
volume label
- Use the Disk Management tool to format a partition
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- When you format a partition, avoid using the quick format option,
because it does not check for bad sectors during the format
- After you partition and format a disk, be sure to update the emergency
repair disk to reflect your change
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- Volume set: Two or more formatted basic disk partitions (volumes) that
are combined to look like one volume
with a single drive letter
- Stripe set: Two or more basic disks set up so that files are spread in
blocks across the disks
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- To convert a disk:
- Right-click the basic disk to convert
- Click Upgrade to Dynamic Disk
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- To convert back to a basic disk:
- Back up the dynamic disk
- Delete the dynamic disk volume
- Click the disk, click the Action menu, and click Restore Basic Disk
- Partition and format the disk
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- Dynamic disk: In Windows 2000 Server, a disk that does not use
traditional partitioning, which means that there is no restriction to
the number of volumes that can be set up on one disk or the ability to
extend volumes onto additional physical disks. Dynamic disks are only
compatible with Windows 2000.
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- Dynamic disks support:
- Spanned volumes and volume extensions
- Up to 32 disks in one spanned volume
- RAID levels 0, 1, and 5
- FAT16, FAT32, and NTFS
- Reactivation if they go off line
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- Simple volume: A portion of a disk or an entire disk that is set up as a
dynamic disk
- A simple volume is not set up for fault tolerance or RAID
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- Spanned volume: Two or more Windows 2000 dynamic disks that are combined
to appear as one disk
- A spanned volume can contain 2 to 32 disks
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- In a spanned volume if one disk fails, the entire volume is
inaccessible. If a portion of a volume is deleted, such as one disk, the
entire disk set is deleted. For these reasons, avoid placing
mission-critical data and applications on a spanned volume.
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- Striped volume: Two or more dynamic disks that use striping so that
files are spread in blocks across the disks (RAID level 0)
- Striping requires 2 disks and can include as many as 32
- Striping equalizes the disk load, extends the life of disks, and
increases disk performance
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- If one or more disks in a striped volume fail, the data will likely be
inaccessible. Frequently back up a striped volume so you do not lose
data if a disk failure occurs.
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- RAID-5 volume: Three or more dynamic disks that use RAID level 5 fault
tolerance through disk striping and creating parity blocks for data
recovery
- A RAID-5 volume is not as fast at writing because it must calculate the
parity block for each row
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- The amount of disk space used for parity is 1/n where n equals the
number of physical disks
- When you plan disk capacity, take into account the amount of space (for
parity) that cannot be used for production data
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- If you create a RAID-5 volume, add at least 12 MB or more of RAM,
because RAID-5 functions need more memory
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- Mirrored volume: Two dynamic disks that are set up for RAID level 1 so
that data on one disk is stored on a redundant disk
- Disk read performance is the same as reading from a simple volume, but
the disk write time is increased in order to write on both disks
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- The system and boot partitions can be on a simple, spanned, or mirrored
volume, but not on a striped or RAID-5 volume (unless hardware RAID is
used)
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- Avoid allowing disks to get over 80 percent full
- You can extend the life of disks by using striped or RAID-5 volumes
- Regularly defragment disks to extend disk life and increase performance
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- Ensure disk integrity and repair disk problems by using the “checkdisk”
utility, called chkdsk
- Chkdsk can check FAT16, FAT32, and NTFS formatted volumes
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- In NTFS, chkdsk can check:
- Files
- Folders
- Indexes
- Security descriptors
- User files
- Disk allocation units
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- If there is physical damage on a disk, use chkdsk with the /r switch to
identify bad sectors
- Use Recover to recover files on a damaged disk:
- Recover [driver and path] filename
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- Mounted drive: A physical disk, CD-ROM, or Zip drive that appears as a
folder and that is accessed through a path like any other folder
- Using mounted drives enables you to save on allocating drive letters
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- Examples of removable storage include:
- CD-ROMs
- CD-RWs
- Magnetic media such as tapes and Zip disks
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- Library: Removable storage media and the drive (or drives) used by the
media
- Robotic library: A library of removable media and drives in which
multiple media, such as tapes, can be mounted and dismounted
automatically
- Stand-alone drive library: A library consisting of media and a drive in
which the media are mounted manually one at a time
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- Media pool: A set of removable media in which the media are used for the
same purpose and that are managed in the same way, such as backup tapes
for a Windows 2000 server
- Media in each library are managed as part of a media pool
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- Physical media: Media you can touch, such as tapes and that are linked
to a library (most common classification)
- Logical media: Media that can hold information from two different media
pools, such as a tape that has backup information from multiple media
pools
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- The steps for creating a media pool are:
- Open the Removable Storage Management tool
- Double-click Removable Storage, right-click Media Pools, click Create
Media Pool
- Access the General tab and enter a name for the media pool, enter a
description, specify the type of media, and specify how the media are
allocated
- Use the Security tab to specify who can access and manage the media
pool
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- Develop a backup strategy as soon as possible
- Consider your backup activities as mission-critical
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- The backup options in Windows 2000 Server include:
- Normal – a full backup
- Incremental – a partial backup (removes the archive attribute)
- Differential – a partial backup (does not remove the archive attribute
- Copy – backs up specifically selected files
- Daily – backs up files that have changed on the day of the backup
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- Perform a restore by using the Backup tool and clicking the Restore tab
- You can restore all files and folders on a medium or only those you
select specifically
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- Tune the server performance by configuring application performance
- Application performance is tuned by opening the Control Panel System
icon, accessing the Advanced tab, and clicking the Performance Options
button
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- Tune a server by configuring the page file, which is used to expand the
capacity of RAM
- The general formula for configuring a page file is to size it to match
the amount of RAM times 1.5
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- Avoid placing the page file on the boot partition or volume
- Place a page file in each volume in a multiple volume system
- Place a page file on the main volume in a mirrored set
- Do not place a page file on a stripe set, striped volume, strip set with
parity, or RAID-5 volume
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- Tune a server so the memory is allocated to match the number of users
and the main functions of the server (access by users, access to
run processes, access to obtain
files)
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- Uninterruptible power supply (UPS): A device built into electrical
equipment or a separate device that provides immediate battery power to
equipment during a power failure or brownout
- The dollars you spend on a UPS are quickly returned in terms of the data
that is saved, grateful users, and reducing hardware and software damage
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- Avoid plugging laser printers into a UPS, because their excessive power
consumption when turned on can damage a UPS (also there is usually no
reason to protect a printer from a power outage)
- Always purchase an online UPS for a server – and one that has ample line
filtering and surge protection
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- Windows 2000 Server supports two kinds of disks, basic and dynamic
- Basic disks are for backward compatibility and dynamic disks offer
comprehensive disk management
- Windows 2000 Server supports many kinds of removable storage such as
tapes, CD-ROMs, CD-RWs, Zip, and Jaz drives
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- Removable storage is managed through libraries and media pools
- Server backups are handled through the Backup tool which offers several
backup alternatives
- Tune your server right away for running applications, virtual memory,
and memory used for network connectivity
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