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- Explain basic network concepts, including network terms, types of
networks, and network cards
- Explain the NDIS and ODI network driver specifications
- Explain the communications protocols used in Windows 2000 Server,
including TCP/IP, NWLink, NetBEUI, DLC, and AppleTalk
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- Plan network binding order, change the binding order, and bind and
unbind protocols
- Plan how to implement protocols on different types of networks
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- A protocol consists of guidelines for:
- How data is formatted into discrete units called packets and frames
- How packets and frames are transmitted across one or more networks
- How packets and frames are interpreted at the receiving end
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- Packets and frames are units of data transmitted from one networked
computer or device to another.
- Although packets and frames are often used to have the same meaning,
there is a difference. Packets operate at a higher communication layer
and contain routing information.
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- Header
- Data
- Trailer or footer
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- The basic design of a network is its topology
- Topology: The physical layout of the cable and the logical path followed
by network packets and frames sent on the cable
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- Local area network (LAN): Joins computers, printers, and other computer
equipment within a limited service area and generally employs only one
topology
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- Metropolitan area network (MAN): A network that links multiple LANs
within a large city or metropolitan area
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- Wide Area Network (WAN): A far-reaching system of networks that can
extend across state lines and across continents
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- Coaxial cable (thick and thinnet)
- Twisted-pair (shielded and unshielded)
- Fiber-optic
- Wireless (infrared, radio wave, microwave, satellite)
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- Each NIC has a physical or device address that is burned into a PROM on
the card
- Media access control (MAC) address is another way of describing the
device address
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- Ethernet: A network transport system that uses a carrier sensing and
collision detection method to regulate data transmissions
- Token ring: A network transport method that uses a token, which is
passed from node to node, to coordinate data transmissions
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- Network Driver Interface Specification (NDIS): A set of standards
developed by Microsoft and 3COM for network drivers that enables
communication between a NIC and a protocol, and that enables the use of
multiple protocols on the same network
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- Open Datalink Interface (ODI) driver: A driver that is used by Novell
NetWare networks to transport multiple protocols on the same network
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- Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
portion performs extensive error checking to ensure that data is
delivered successfully
- Internet Protocol (IP) portion consists of rules for packaging data and
ensuring that it reaches the correct destination address
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- Dotted Decimal Notation: An addressing technique that uses four octets,
such as 100000110.11011110.1100101.00000101, converted to decimal (e.g.,
134.22.101.005), to differentiate individual servers, workstations, and
other network devices.
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- In a unicast, a transmission is sent to each client that requests a file
or application, such as a multimedia presentation
- In a multicast, a transmission is sent to all requesting clients as a
group (reducing the total network traffic)
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- Subnet mask: A designated portion of an IP address that is used to
indicate the class of addressing on a network and to divide a network
into subnetworks as a way to control traffic and enforce security
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- Dynamic addressing: Involves automatically assigning an IP address to a
network host
- Static addressing: Involves manually assigning an IP address to a
network host
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- Well-suited for medium and large networks
- Designed for routing; has high degree of reliability
- Used worldwide for directly connecting to the Internet and by Web
servers
- Enables lower TCO on Microsoft networks
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- Compatible with standard tools for analyzing network performance
- Parallel ability to use DHCP and WINS through a Windows 2000 server
- Ability for diverse networks and operating systems to communicate
- Compatible with Microsoft Windows Sockets
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- More difficult to set up and maintain than other protocols
- Somewhat slower than IPX/SPX and NetBEUI on networks with light to
medium traffic
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- For medium and large sized networks, plan to use TCP/IP because it
enables you to manage and secure network traffic through creating
subnets
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- IPX: A protocol developed by Novell for use with its NetWare server
operating system (particularly for NetWare versions before version 5)
- SPX: A Novell connection-oriented protocol used for network transport
when there is a particular need for data reliability
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- A network protocol that simulates the IPX/SPX protocol for Microsoft
Windows 95, 98, NT, and 2000 communications with Novell NetWare file
servers and compatible devices
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- Client Service for NetWare
- NWLink IPX/SPX
- NWLink NetBIOS
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- Configure three elements:
- Frame type
- Network number
- Internal network number
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- When the NetWare server that is accessed uses two or more frame types
- When the Windows 2000 host has two or more NICs and NWLink is bound to
more than one of the NICs
- When an application uses NetWare’s Service Advertising Protocol (SAP)
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- To enable a computer running Windows 2000 to access a NetWare server
(pre-version 5)
- To set up Windows 2000 as a gateway to a NetWare server
- To enable NetWare clients to access a Windows 2000 server
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- If you upgrade NetWare servers to version 5.x or higher, convert from
IPX/SPX to TCP/IP for better network communication options and better
compatibility with Windows 2000 servers
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- A combination software interface and network naming convention
- Available in Windows 2000 through the files Netbt.sys, NetBIOS.sys, and
NetBIOS.dll
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- NetBIOS Extended User Interface (NetBEUI): A non-routable communications
protocol native to early Microsoft network communications
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- When you upgrade from Windows NT Server to Windows 2000 Server, plan to
retire NetBEUI implementations (if possible) and convert upgraded
servers and clients to TCP/IP for more functionality
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- For temporary backward compatibility when converting from Windows NT
Server to Windows 2000 Server
- For small networks that do not have Internet access, that do not use the
Active Directory, that do not use routing, and that require only a basic
installation
- For backward compatibility with particular applications
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- Data Link Control (DLC) protocol: Enables communication with older IBM
mainframes and minicomputers, and with some older HP print server cards
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- To connect to IBM and other computers that use Systems Network
Architecture (SNA) communications
- To connect to older peripheral devices, such as printers that use DLC
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- AppleTalk: A peer-to-peer protocol used in network communication between
Macintosh computers
- Windows 2000 Server Services for Macintosh include:
- File Server for Macintosh (MacFile)
- Print Server for Macintosh (MacPrint)
- AppleTalk protocol
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- Use AppleTalk to enable Macintosh clients to connect to Windows 2000
Server
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- Windows NT and Windows 2000 enable you to set a binding order which
establishes the protocol that will be tried first in a network
communication (or a communication with a network printer)
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- If network performance is slow and your network uses a combination of
protocols, tune the binding order on Windows NT and Windows 2000 clients
which can be an inexpensive way to immediately relieve network
congestion
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- Size and purpose of the organization
- Potential growth
- Proportion of mission-critical applications
- Role of the network to the mission of the organization
- Security needs
- Budget
- Internet and intranet requirements
- Interconnectivity requirements
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- Begin network planning by understanding:
- User needs
- Important business processes
- Current resources
- Potential growth
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- Routing needs
- Size of the network in terms of connections
- Presence of Windows 2000 servers
- Presence of mainframes and other computers that use SNA
- Presence of NetWare servers
- Access to the Internet or intranets
- Presence of mission-critical and multimedia applications
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- Protocols are the life blood of a network, thus plan their use
carefully.
- The Microsoft NDIS driver enables using one or more protocols such as
TCP/IP, IPX/SPX, NetBEUI, DLC, and AppleTalk.
- For modern networking TCP/IP implementations are preferred.
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- Plan to use only the protocols necessary.
- Tune network binding order in Windows NT and Windows 2000 operating
systems to enhance network performance.
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