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- Networking with TCP/IP and the Internet
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- Discuss additional details of TCP/IP addressing and subprotocols
- Comprehend the purpose and procedure for subnetting
- Understand the history and uses of BOOTP, DHCP, WINS, DNS, and host
files
- Employ multiple TCP/IP utilities for network troubleshooting
- Understand TCP/IP applications, such as Internet browsers, e-mail, and
voice over IP
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- IP Addressing
- An IP address is 32 bits in size
- Every IP address is grouped into four 8-bit octets
- Octets are separated by decimal points
- Valid octet numbers range from 0 to 255 and represent a binary address
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- IP Addressing (cont.)
- Each address consists of two parts: network and host
- The network portion of an address indicates whether the device belongs
to a Class A, B, C, D, or E network
- Some octet number are reserved for special functions
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- Static address
- IP address that is manually assigned to a device
- Dynamic address
- IP address that is assigned to a device through DHCP
- Dotted decimal notation
- “Shorthand” convention used to represent IP addresses and make them
more easily readable by people
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- Multicasting
- Allows one device to send data to a specific group of devices (not the
entire network segment)
- New addressing scheme is being developed
- IP version 6 (IPV6) will incorporate this new scheme
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- Process of subdividing a single class of network into multiple, smaller
networks
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- Extended network prefix
- The combination of an address’s network and subnet information
- Subnet mask
- Special 32-bit number that, when combined with a device’s IP address,
informs the rest of the network about the network class to which the
device is on
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- Combination of software and hardware that enable two different network
segments to exchange data
- Every device on a TCP/IP-based network has a default gateway
- First interprets its outbound requests to other subnets and then
interprets its inbound requests from other subnets
- Core Gateways
- Gateways that make up the Internet backbone
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- Technique in which IP addresses are assigned a public IP address by an
IP gateway
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- Socket
- Logical address assigned to a specific process running on a host
computer
- The socket’s address combines the host computer’s IP address with the port
number associated with a process
- Port numbers in the range of 0 to 1023 are called well-known ports
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- Host name
- Symbolic name that describes a TCP/IP device
- Domain
- Group of computers that belong to the same organization and have part
of their IP addresses in common
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- Symbolic name that identifies an organization
- Top-level domains (TLDs)
- Highest-level category used to distinguish domain names
- A TLD is known as the domain suffix
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- Text file that associates TCP/IP host names with IP addresses
- Alias
- Nickname for a node’s host name
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- On a UNIX-based computer a host file is:
- Called hosts
- Located in the /etc directory
- On a Windows 9x computer, a host file:
- Is called lmhosts
- Must be located in the c:\windows directory in order to be recognized
by the operating system
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- Hierarchical way of tracking domain names and their addresses, devised
in the mid-1980s
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- Resolvers
- Hosts on the Internet that need to look up domain name information
- Name servers
- Servers that contain databases of names and their associated IP
addresses
- Each name server manages a group of device, collectively known as a zone
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- Name space
- Refers to the actual database of Internet IP addresses and their
associated names
- Every name server holds a piece of the DNS name space
- At the highest level of the hierarchy sit the root servers
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- Resource record
- Element of a DNS database stored on a name server that contains
information about TCP/IP host names and their addresses
- Address resource record
- Type of resource record that maps the IP address of an
Internet-connected device to its domain name
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- Service that simplifies IP address management
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- Thanks to BOOTP, a client does not have to remember its own IP address
- Therefore, network administrators do not have to go to each workstation
on a network and manually assign its IP address
- This situation is ideal for diskless workstations
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- Automated means of assigning a unique IP address to every device on a
network
- Reasons for implementing DHCP
- Reduce the time and planning spent on IP address management
- Reduce the potential for errors in assigning IP addresses
- Enable users to move their workstations and printers without having to
change their TCP/IP configuration
- Make IP addressing transparent for mobile users
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- Lease
- Agreement between DHCP server and client on how long the client will
borrow a DHCP-assigned IP address
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- A DHCP lease may expire based on the period established for it in the
server configuration
- A DHCP lease may be manually terminated at any time from either the
client’s TCP/IP configuration or the server’s DHCP configuration
- In some instances, a user must terminate a lease
- Release
- The act of terminating a DHCP lease
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- Provides a means of resolving NetBIOS names with IP addresses
- WINS offers several advantages
- Guarantees a unique NetBIOS name is used for each computer on a network
- Support for DHCP
- Better network performance
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- IPv6
- Also known as IP next generation or IPng
- Slated to replace the current IP protocol, IPv4
- Perhaps the most valuable advantage IPv6 offers over IPv4 is its
promise of billions and billions of additional IP addresses through its
new addressing scheme
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- Unicast address
- Type of IPv6 address that represents a single interface on a device
- Multicast address
- Type of address in IPv6 that represents multiple interfaces, often on
multiple nodes
- Anycast address
- Type of address specified in IPv6 that represents a group of
interfaces, any of which can accept a transmission
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- Another significant difference between IPv4 and IPv6 is that in IPv6,
each address contains a Format Prefix
- The Format Prefix is a variable-length field at the beginning of the
address that indicates what type of address it is
- The Format Prefix also establishes the arrangement of the rest of the
address’s fields
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- Internet Protocol (IP)
- Transport Control Protocol (TCP)
- User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
- Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)
- Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)
- Telnet
- File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
- Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)
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- Allows the client to send a broadcast message with the MAC address of a
device and receive the device’s IP address in reply
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- SMTP
- Responsible for moving messages from one e-mail server to another
- POP
- Provides centralized storage for e-mail messages
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- Mail storage and manipulation protocol that depends on SMTP’s transport
system
- Developed as a more sophisticated alternative to POP
- Most current version is version 4 (IMAP4)
- Biggest advantage of IMAP4 over POP relates to the fact users can
store messages on the mail server
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- Users can retrieve all or only a portion of any mail message
- Users can review their messages and delete them while the messages
remain on the server
- Users can create sophisticated methods of organizing messages on the
server
- Users can share a mailbox in a central location
- IMAP4 can provide better security than POP because it supports
authentication
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- Language that Web clients and servers use to communicate
- Forms the backbone of the Web
- Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)
- Language that defines formatting standards for Web documents
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- Used to synchronize the clocks of a computers on a network
- Very simple protocol
- Belongs to Application Layer of TCP/IP Model
- Depends on UDP
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- Of all network protocols, TCP/IP is most likely to cause problems
because it requires the most planning and post-installation
configuration
- Be aware of the troubleshooting tools and their switches
- These troubleshooting utilities can be accessed from the command prompt
on a server or client running TCP/IP
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- ARP table
- Database that lists the associated MAC and IP addresses
- Contains two types of entries:
- Dynamic ARP table entries
- Static ARP table entries
- ARP utility provides a way of obtaining information from and
manipulating a device’s ARP table
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- Troubleshooting utility that can verify TCP/IP is installed, bound to
the NIC, configured correctly, and communicating with the network
- An echo request is a signal sent out to another computer
- An echo reply is the other computer’s response signal
- Process of sending this signal back and forth is known as pinging
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- Netstat utility display TCP/IP statistics and details about TCP/IP
components and connections on a host
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- The nbstat utility can provide information about NetBIOS statistics and
resolve NetBIOS names to their IP addresses
- In other words, if you know the NetBIOS name of a workstation, you can
use nbstat to determine its IP address
- Nbstat is useful on networks that run Windows-based operating systems
and NetBIOS
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- Allows you to look up the DNS host name of a network node by specifying
its IP address, or vice versa
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- Uses ICMP to trace path from one networked node to another
- Also known as tracert on Windows machines
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- TCP/IP administration utility for use with Windows NT and Windows 2000
operating systems
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- This utility performs the same TCP/IP configuration management as the
ipconfig utility, but also applies to Windows 9x and Me operating
systems
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- TCP/IP configuration and management utility used on UNIX systems
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- World Wide Web (WWW, or Web)
- Collection of internetworked servers that share resources and exchange
information according to specific protocols and formats
- Browser
- Software that provides clients with a simple, graphical interface to
the Web
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- Uniform Resource Locator (URL)
- Standard means of identifying every Web page
- Unqualified host name
- Host name minus its prefix and suffix
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- E-mail
- Currently, e-mail is most relied-upon Internet service you will manage
- FTP
- Manages files transfers between TCP/IP hosts
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- TFTP
- TCP/IP Application layer protocol that enables file transfers between
computers
- Gopher
- Text-based utility that allows you to navigate through a series of
menus to find and read specific files
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- Newsgroups
- Provides means of conveying messages in which information is
distributed to a wide group of users at once
- Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP)
- Supports process of reading newsgroup messages, posting new messages,
and transferring news files between news servers
- E-commerce
- Means of conducting business over the Web
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- Provision of telephone service over the Internet
- Often called Internet telephony
- Not all VoIP calls are carried over the Internet
- VoIP over private lines is a very effective and economical method of
completing calls between two locations within an organization
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- Two traditional phones are connected through a TCP/IP network
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- One end of the call uses a PC, while the other end relies on a
traditional telephone
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- Two PCs connect through a TCP/IP network to complete calls
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- Every device on a TCP/IP-based network must have a unique IP address to
ensure reliable data delivery
- In addition to Class A, B, and C networks, Class D and E networks exist,
although consumers and companies do not use them
- To use IP addresses more efficiently, the concept of subnetting was
applied to the Internet in the mid-1980s
- Gateways are a combination of software and hardware that enable two
different network segments to exchange data
- A socket is a logical address assigned to a specific process running on
a host computer
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- The use of port numbers simplifies TCP/IP communications
- Every host belongs to a domain
- In the mid-1980s, the Network Information Center (NIC) at Stanford
Research Institute devised a hierarchical way of tracking domain names
and their addresses, called the Domain Name System (DNS)
- To ease IP address management, a service called Bootstrap Protocol
(BOOTP) was developed in the mid-1980s
- Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is an automated means of
assigning a unique IP address to every device on a network
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- Windows Internet Naming Service (WINS) provides a means of resolving
NetBIOS names with IP addresses
- TCP/IP is a suite of protocols, commonly called subprotocols
- TCP/IP carries the highest potential of causing problems because it
requires the most planning and post-installation configuration
- TCP/IP comes with a complete set of troubleshooting tools that can help
you to track down most TCP/IP-related problems
- There are numerous Internet services, including the World Wide Web,
e-mail, File Transfer Protocol, gopher, newsgroups, e-commerce, and VoIP
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