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- Describe the origins and history of the UNIX operating system
- Identify similarities and differences between popular implementations of
UNIX
- Understand why you might choose a UNIX server for a corporate network
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- Explain and execute basic UNIX commands
- Install Linux on an Intel-based PC
- Use Linux to add groups and users and to change file access permissions
- Explain how UNIX can be internetworked with other network operating
systems
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- System V
- Versions of UNIX that come from Bell Labs
- BSD (Berkeley Software Division)
- Versions of UNIX from researchers at the University of California at
Berkeley
- Caldera International and Tarantella jointly own the rights to the UNIX source
code
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- The ability to support multiple, simultaneously logged in users
- Hierarchical file systems that incorporate demountable volumes
- Consistent interfaces for input of data to and output of data from
hardware devices, files, and running programs
- The ability to start processes in the background
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- Hundreds of subsystems, including dozens of programming languages
- Program source code portability
- Windows interfaces that the user can configure, the most popular of
which is the X Window system
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- Unix market is huge and highly segmented
- Some real-time implementations of the UNIX system exist
- In a real-time implementation, the operating system must respond to
input immediately
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- An implementation of UNIX for which the source code is either
unavailable or available only by purchasing a licensed copy from Caldera
International and Tarantella
- Sun’s proprietary version of UNIX is called Solaris
- IBM’s proprietary version of UNIX is called AIX
- HP’s proprietary version of UNIX is called HP-UX
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- Advantages
- Accountability and support
- Optimization of hardware and software
- Predictability and compatibility
- Drawback
- Customer has no access to the system’s source code and thus cannot
create a custom solution
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- Open source software
- Software developed and packaged by a few individuals and made available
to anyone without licensing fees
- Also called freely distributed software
- UNIX-like systems in this category include GNU, FreeBSD, and Linux
- Different implementations of UNIX-like systems are known as flavors
- Freely distributable versions of UNIX include a copyright called the General
Public License
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- Is it compatible with existing infrastructure?
- Will it provide the security required by the network’s resources?
- Can the technical staff manage it effectively?
- Will existing applications run smoothly on it?
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- Will it accommodate future growth (that is, is it scalable)?
- Does it support additional services the network’s users require?
- How much does it cost?
- What type of sort can be expected from the vendor?
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- Samba
- Open source software package
- Complete Windows 2000-style file and print sharing facility
- UNIX was originally developed as a time-sharing system
- Computing system to which each user must attach directly to share the
resources of that computer
- Some proprietary UNIX systems have received Orange Book certification
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- Base system unit must include:
- Motherboard with CPU, memory, and I/O control
- Network interface card (NIC)
- Floppy disk drive
- CD-ROM drive
- One or more fixed disks
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- Which applications and services will run on the server?
- How many users will this system serve?
- How much random access memory (RAM) will the server need?
- How much secondary storage (hard disk) will the server need?
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- Linux multiprocessing
- Supports symmetric multiprocessing (SMP)
- Linux memory model
- From its inception, Linux was created to use both physical and virtual
memory efficiently
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- Kernel
- As in NetWare, is the core of the system
- Also similar to NetWare, it is possible to add or remove functionality
by loading and unloading Linux kernel modules
- Analogous to NetWare NLMs
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- Hierarchical file system
- Organization of files and directories on a disk partition in which
directories may contain files and directories
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- Linux includes support for multiple types of file systems, including:
- Local file systems
- Remote file systems
- Its native file system, called ext2
- Sun Microsystem’s Network File System (NFS)
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- Linux Internet Services
- Apache
- Open source software application that is the leading Internet Web
server
- Linux Processes
- Another UNIX innovation is the notion of separate, numbered processes
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- Command interpreter
- Program that accepts your typing and runs the command
- Also known as a shell
- Keeps track of the command history, much like the doskey command in DOS
and Windows 2000
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- Manual pages
- Section 1 covers commands typically entered while typing in a command
window
- Sections 2 through 5 document the programmer’s interface to the UNIX
system
- Section 6 documents some of the amusements and games that are included
in the UNIX system
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- Manual pages
- Section 7 describes the device drivers for the system
- Section 8 covers the commands used by administrators to manage the
system
- Section 9 documents the UNIX kernel functions programmers use when
writing device drivers
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- Globbing
- Form of filename substitution
- Pipe
- Serves as the connection between two commands
- Pipeline
- Two or more commands separated by a pipe
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- Linux systems keep quite a bit of information about each file,
including:
- Filename
- File size (in bytes)
- Date and time a file’s i-node (file information node) was created
- Date and time that the file was last accessed
- Date and time that the file contents were last modified
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- Information Linux system keeps about each file (cont.):
- Number of “aliases” or links to the file
- Numeric identifier of the user who owns the file
- Numeric identifier of the group to which the file belongs
- Access rights for the owner, the group, and all others
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- To learn about the i-node information, use the ls command
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- Valid file types
- “d” for directories
- “l” for symbolic link files
- “b” for block devices
- “c” for character device files
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- What is the new server’s name?
- What is the server’s IP address?
- What kind of video card is installed in the server?
- What kind of monitor is attached to the new server?
- What is the administrative user’s password?
- How can I remember all this information?
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- Linux very peacefully coexists with other operating systems on your
primary hard drive
- Read more about multiboot systems at the Linux installation HOWTO site:
- http://www.linuxhq.com/ldp/howto/Installation-HOWTO/index.html
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- Adding groups and users
- Groupadd
- Command to add a new group ID to a Linux system
- Useradd
- Command to add a new user ID to a Linux system
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- Linux restricts access to resources by comparing user and group IDs with
the owner and membership of files
- Every file and directory on a Linux system is owned by exactly one user
and is a member of exactly one group
- You may assign access permissions for the file’s owner, the file’s
group, and everyone else
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- Samba
- IPX/SPX
- AppleTalk
- X3270
- WINE
- VMWare
- Dozens and dozens of command-line utilities that enable access to
contents of files generated on other systems
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- The UNIX system is stable, robust network operating system
- The key difference between freely distributable UNIX and proprietary
implementations is that the copyright on freely distributable
implementations require that anyone purchasing an open source version of
UNIX receive access code to the source
- UNIX systems make great Internet servers
- One characteristic of all UNIX systems is a user-definable command
interpreter
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- The UNIX system was among the first operating systems to include a
hierarchical file system
- Each UNIX process represents an instance of a running executable program
in core memory
- UNIX commands can be likened to ordinary sentences
- Most UNIX commands are lowercase alphabetic characters
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- Command names are usually acronyms or abbreviations
- The system uses information nodes (i-nodes) to store everything other
than the actual contents of files
- Linux distributions are binary compatible
- UNIX systems quite competently interoperate with other network operating
systems
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