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- Identify characteristics of TCP/IP, IPX/SPX, NetBIOS, and AppleTalk
- Understand position of network protocols in OSI Model
- Identify core protocols of each protocol suite and its functions
- Understand each protocol’s addressing scheme
- Install protocols on Windows 98 and Windows 2000 clients
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- Protocol
- Rules network uses to transfer data
- Protocols that can span more than one LAN segment are routable
- Multiprotocol network
- Network using more than one protocol
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- Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)
- Suite of small, specialized protocols called subprotocols
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- Application layer roughly corresponds to Session, Application, and
Presentation layers of OSI Model
- Transport layer roughly corresponds to Transport layers of OSI Model
- Internet layer is equivalent to Network layer of OSI Model
- Network Interface layer roughly corresponds to Data Link and Physical
layers of OSI Model
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- Certain subprotocols of TCP/IP suite
- Operate in Transport or Network layers of OSI Model
- Provide basic services to protocols in other layers of TCP/IP
- TCP and IP are most significant core protocols in TCP/IP suite
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- Provides information about how and where data should be delivered
- Subprotocol that enables TCP/IP to internetwork
- To internetwork is to traverse more than one LAN segment and more than
one type of network through a router
- In an internetwork, the individual networks that are joined together
are called subnetworks
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- IP datagram
- IP portion of TCP/IP frame that acts as an envelope for data
- Contains information necessary for routers to transfer data between
subnets
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- IP is an unreliable, connectionless protocol, which means it does not
guarantee delivery of data
- Connectionless
- Allows protocol to service a request without requesting verified
session and without guaranteeing delivery of data
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- TCP
- Provides reliable data delivery services
- Connection-oriented subprotocol
- Requires establishment of connection between communicating nodes
before protocol will transmit data
- TCP segment
- Holds TCP data fields
- Becomes encapsulated by IP datagram
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- Port
- Address on host where application makes itself available to incoming
data
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- User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
- Connectionless transport service
- Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)
- Notifies sender of an error in transmission process and that packets
were not delivered
- Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)
- Obtains MAC address of host or node
- Creates local database mapping MAC address to host’s IP address
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- Telnet
- Used to log on to remote hosts using TCP/IP protocol suite
- File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
- Used to send and receive files via TCP/IP
- Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
- Responsible for moving messages from one e-mail server to another,
using the Internet and other TCP/IP-based networks
- Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)
- Manages devices on a TCP/IP network
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- IP Address
- Logical address used in TCP/IP networking
- Unique 32-bit number
- Divided into four groups of octets (8-bit bytes) that are separated by
periods
- IP addresses are assigned and used according to very specific
parameters
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- Though 8 bits have 256 possible combinations, only the numbers 1 through
254 are used to identify networks and hosts
- Numbers 0 and 255 are reserved for broadcasts
- Broadcast are transmissions to all stations on a network
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- Loopback address
- IP address reserved for communicating from a node to itself
- Value of the loopback address is always 127.0.0.1
- Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN)
- Non-profit organization currently designated by U.S. government to
maintain and assign IP addresses
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- Firewall
- Specialized device (typically a router)
- Selectively filters or blocks traffic between networks
- May be strictly hardware-based or may involve a combination of hardware
and software
- Host
- Computer connected to a network using the TCP/IP protocol
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- In IP address 131.127.3.22, to convert the first octet (131) to a binary
number:
- On Windows 2000, click Start, point to Programs, point to Accessories,
then click Calculator
- Click View, then click Scientific (make sure Dec option button is
selected)
- Type 131, then click Bin option button
- The binary equivalent of number 131, 10000011, appears in the display
window
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- Static IP address
- IP address manually assigned to a device
- Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)
- Application layer protocol
- Manages dynamic distribution of IP addresses on a network
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- In addition to using IP addresses, TCP/IP networks use names for
networks and hosts
- Each host requires a host name
- Each network requires a network name, also called a domain name
- Together, host name and domain name constitute the fully qualified
domain name (FQDN)
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- Internetwork Packet Exchange/Sequenced Packet Exchange (IPX/SPX)
- Protocol originally developed by Xerox
- Modified and adopted by Novell in the 1980s for the NetWare network
operating system
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- Internetwork Packet Exchange (IPX)
- Operates at Network layer of OSI Model
- Provides routing and internetworking services
- Similar to IP in TCP/IP suite
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- Sequenced Packet Exchange (SPX)
- Belongs to Transport layer of OSI Model
- Works in tandem with IPX to ensure data are received:
- Whole
- In sequence
- Error free
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- Service Advertising Protocol (SAP)
- Works in Application, Presentation, Session, and Transport layers of
OSI Model
- Runs directly over IPX
- Used by NetWare servers and routers to advertise to entire network
which services they can provide
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- NetWare Core Protocol (NCP)
- Works within Presentation and Sessions layers of OSI Model
- Works over IPX
- Handles requests for services between clients and servers
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- IPX address
- Address assigned to a device on an IPX/SPX network
- Contains two parts:
- Network address (external network number)
- Node address
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- Network Basic Input Output System (NetBIOS)
- Originally designed by IBM to provide Transport and Session layer
services
- Adopted by Microsoft as its foundation protocol
- Microsoft added Application layer component called NetBEUI
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- NetBIOS Enhanced User Interface
- Fast and efficient protocol
- Consumes few network resources
- Provides excellent error correction
- Requires little configuration
- Can handle only 254 connections
- Does not allow for good security
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- Protocol suite used to interconnect Macintosh computers
- Originally designed to support peer-to-peer networking among Macintoshes
- Can now be routed between network segments and integrated with NetWare-
and Microsoft-based networks
- AppleTalk networks are separated into logical groups of computers called
AppleTalk zones
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- AppleShare
- AppleTalk Filing Protocol (AFP)
- AppleTalk Session Protocol (ASP)
- AppleTalk Transaction Protocol (ATP)
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- Name Binding Protocol (NBP)
- Routing Table Maintenance Protocol (RTMP)
- Zone Information Protocol (ZIP)
- Datagram Delivery Protocol (DDP)
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- AppleTalk node ID
- Unique 8-bit or 16-bit number identifying a computer on an AppleTalk
network
- AppleTalk network number
- Unique 16-bit number identifying the network to which a node is
connected
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- After installing protocols, they must be binded to NICs and services
they run on or with
- Binding
- Process of assigning one network component to work with another
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- Protocols define standards for communication between nodes on a network
- Protocols vary in speed, transmission efficiency, utilization of
resources, ease of setup, compatibility, and ability to travel between
one LAN segments
- TCP/IP is becoming most popular network protocol
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- TCP/IP suite of protocols can be divided into four layers roughly
corresponding to seven layers of OSI Model
- Operating in Transport or Network layers of OSI Model, TCP/IP core
protocols provide communications between hosts on a network
- Each IP address is a unique 32-bit number, divided into four groups of
octets separated by periods
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- Every host on a network must have a unique number
- Internetworking Packet Exchange/Sequenced Packet Exchange (IPX/SPX) is a
protocol originally developed by Xerox then modified and adopted by
Novell in the 1980s for its NetWare network operating system
- Core protocols of IPX/SPX provide services at Transport and Network
layers of OSI Model
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- Addresses on an IPX/SPX network are called IPX addresses
- Network Basic Input Output System (NetBIOS) was originally developed by
IBM to provide Transport and Session layer services
- Microsoft adopted NetBIOS as its foundation protocol, then added an
Application layer component called NetBIOS Enhanced User Interface
(NetBEUI)
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- To transmit data between network nodes, NetBIOS needs to know how to
reach each workstation
- Each workstation must have a NetBIOS name
- AppleTalk is the the protocol suite used to interconnect Macintosh
computers
- An AppleTalk network is separated into logical groups of computers
called AppleTalk zones
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- Though Apple has improved AppleTalk’s ability to use different network
models and span network segments, it remains unsuited to large LANs or
WANs
- In addition to zone names, AppleTalk uses node IDs and network numbers
to identify computers on a network
- Though some protocols (such as NetBIOS) require no configuration after
installation, others (such as TCP/IP) do require configuration
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