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- Multimedia Devices and Mass Storage
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- How multimedia works on a PC
- About multimedia devices such as sound cards, digital cameras, and MP3
players
- About optical storage technologies such as CD and DVD
- How certain hardware devices are used for backups and fault tolerance
- How to install and troubleshoot multimedia and mass storage components
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- Goal
- To create or reproduce lifelike representations of sight and sound
- Challenge
- Data storage is digital
- Sights and sounds are analog
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- MMX, SSE, and 3DNow!
- Improve speed of processing graphics, video, and sound
- Use improved methods of handling high-volume repetition during I/O
operations
- Software must be written to use the specific capabilities
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- Sound cards
- Record sound, save it to a file on hard drive, play it back
- Externally attached devices
- Digital cameras
- MP3 players
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- Digitize or input sound (analog to digital)
- Includes sampling
- Data is measured at a series of representative points
- Sampling rate = cycles per second, or hertz (Hz)
- Store digital data in compressed data file
- Reproduce or synthesize sound (digital to analog)
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- Physically install the card in an empty PCI slot on the motherboard
- Install sound card driver
- Install sound applications software
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- Scan field of image and translate light signals into digital values
- Digital values can be stored as a file and viewed, manipulated, and
printed with software that interprets them appropriately
- Use TWAIN format for transferring images
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- A device that plays MP3 files (a version of MPEG compression)
- MP3 can reduce size of a sound file as much as 1:24 without much loss in
quality
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- MPEG (Moving Pictures Experts Group) standard
- Tracks movement from one frame to the next and stores only what changes
- Can yield compression ratio of 100:1 for full-motion video
- Cuts out or drastically reduces sound that is not normally heard by the
human ear
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- MPEG-1
- Used in business and home applications to compress images
- MPEG-2
- Used to compress video films on DVD-ROM
- MPEG-3
- Used for audio compression
- MPEG-4
- Used for video transmissions over the Internet
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- Play MP3 files downloaded from a PC, using internal memory and flash
storage devices (eg, SmartMedia, CompactFlash, or Memory Stick)
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- Captures input from a camcorder or directly from TV
- Features to look for:
- IEEE 1394 (FireWire) port
- Data transfer rates
- Capture resolution and color-depth capabilities
- Ability to transfer data back to digital camcorder or VCR
- Stereo audio jacks
- Video-editing software
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- Patterns of tiny pits on disc surface represent bits, which are readable
by a laser beam
- Major optical storage technologies
- CD-ROM drives
- Use CDFS (Compact Disc File System) or UDF (Universal Disk Format)
- DVD drives
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- Read-only; data physically embedded into disc surface
- Surface laid out as one continuous spiral of sectors of equal length
that hold equal amounts of data
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- Used to distribute software and sound files
- Combines constant linear velocity (CLV) and constant angular velocity
(CAV)
- Look for multisession feature
- CD-ROM drives are read-only and slower to access than hard drives
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- Caring for CD-ROM drives and discs
- Use precautions when handling
- CD-ROM drive interface with motherboard
- IDE interface (most common)
- SCSI interface
- Proprietary expansion card that works only with CD-ROMs from a
particular manufacturer
- Proprietary connection on sound card
- Portable drive; plug into external port on PC
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- CD-R (CD-recordable)
- Enables “burning” your own CDs
- Cannot edit or overwrite
- Bottom of disk is tinted (eg, blue, black); CDs are silver
- Inexpensive
- Can be read by all CD-ROM drives
- CD-RW (CD-rewritable)
- Allows overwriting old data with new data
- Cannot always be read by older drives
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- Storage capacity
- 8.5 GB (one side)
- 17 GB (both sides)
- Uses shorter wavelength laser than CD; a second opaque layer also holds
data
- Uses MPEG-2 video compression; requires MPEG-2 controller to decode
compressed data
- Audio is stored in Dolby AC-2 compression
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- On standalone PCs or small servers
- Tape, Zip, and Jaz drives
- Read-write CDs
- In a business environment with PC connected to file server
- Back up data to file server
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- Advantages
- Inexpensive and convenient
- Large capacity
- Several types and formats
- Disadvantage
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- External
- Internal
- External or internal
- SCSI bus
- Proprietary controller card or floppy drive interface
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- Full-sized data cartridges
- Minicartridges
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- Quarter-Inch Committee (QIC) or quarter-inch cartridge standards
- Developed in 1983; only a few in use today
- Travan by 3M
- Different levels (TR-1 through TR-5), each based on a different QIC
standard
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- Can be internal or external
- Increase overall storage capacity of a system
- Make it easy to move large files from one computer to another
- Serve as a convenient medium for making backups of hard drive data
- Make it easy to secure important files
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- Considerations when purchasing
- Drop height
- Half-life of the disk
- Plug and Play compliance
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- Iomega 3½ Zip drive
- Stores 100 MB or 250 MB of data
- Drop height of 8 feet
- SuperDisk by Imation or Maxell
- Stores 120 MB or 240 MB, respectively
- Backward compatibility with regular floppy disks
- Iomega Jaz drive
- Stores 1 GB or 2 GB of data
- Drop height of 3 feet
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- Internal removable drive
- Similar to installing a hard drive
- External removable drive
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- Data protection methods used to improve performance and/or automatically
recover from a failure
- Most often used on high-end, high-cost file servers
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- Increases logical drive capacity by treating two or more drives as a
single logical drive
- Includes only one copy of data; does not enable recovery from failure
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- Designed to protect data from hard drive failure by writing data twice,
once to each of two drives
- Disk mirroring
- Two hard drives use same controller
- Duplexing
- Each hard drive has its own controller on its own adapter card
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- Advantages
- If either drive fails, data is safe on other drive
- Disk reads are speeded up
- Disadvantages
- Expensive
- Cuts hard drive capacity in half
- Disk writes are slowed down
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- Currently most popular RAID implementation
- Provides optimum fault tolerance and improves drive capacity
- Requires at least three hard drives
- Distributes parity information over all the drives, thus removing
performance bottleneck created by having a single parity drive (as in
RAID 4)
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- Do not touch chips on circuit boards or disk surfaces where data is
stored
- Do not stack components on top of one another
- Do not subject them to magnetic fields or ESD
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- Computer does not recognize the drive (no drive D listed in Windows 9x
Explorer)
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- Problem with sound card itself
- Result of system settings
- Bad connections
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- A minicartridge does not work
- Data transfer is slow
- Drive does not work after installation
- Drive fails intermittently or gives errors
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- Multimedia devices
- What they can do
- How they work
- How to support them
- Storage devices; installation and troubleshooting
- CD
- DVD
- Removable drives
- Tape drives
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