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- How to install peripheral I/O devices
- How to use ports and expansion slots for add-on devices
- About keyboards and how to troubleshoot them
- About different types of pointing devices
- How monitors and video cards relate to the system, and how to
troubleshoot them
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- Peripheral is a hardware device controlled by software; must install
both hardware and software
- Software might be of different types; you must install all levels
- More than one peripheral device might attempt to use same resources
(IRQ, DMA channel, I/O addresses, or [for 16-bit drivers] upper memory
addresses)
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- An IRQ is a line on a bus that serves as an interrupt request line and
is assigned to a device
- Each device needs a group of I/O addresses the CPU will use to get the
attention of the device and communicate with it
- Older device drivers and BIOS written in real mode require some upper
memory addresses 640K-1024K
- Some devices require a DMA channel to speed up data transfer across the
bus
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- System resources are assigned at startup
- PnP devices do not request specific I/O addresses, DMA channels, or
IRQs, but use those assigned by BIOS and OS
- Legacy devices are not PnP and require special memory resources
- Sometimes a bus controller is assigned a single set of resources for all
devices using the bus
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- Install the device (internal or external)
- Install the device driver
- Install the application software
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- Drives (eg, hard, floppy, CD-ROM, DVD, Zip)
- Devices that are inserted in expansion slots on the motherboard (eg,
modem or video card)
- Advantages
- Less expensive than external devices
- Don’t take up desk space
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- Use existing port (eg, serial, parallel, USB, IEEE 1394)
- Use port provided by interface card installed in expansion slot
- Advantage
- Can be moved easily from one computer to another
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- CPU, system bus, and local bus drive
- How much memory
- Hard drive size
- OS and version
- Space available on hard drive
- For internal devices: how many drives, bays, or expansion slots are
available
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- Plug and Play?
- Offers features you want?
- Documentation easy to read and comprehensive?
- Manufacturer’s Web site offer help and technical support?
- Warranty?
- Compatible with current hardware and software?
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- Use antistatic bracelet and ground mat
- Unplug PC and remove case cover
- Locate slot and remove faceplate
- Insert expansion card in expansion slot
- Insert screw that connects card to case
- Replace case cover, power cord, and peripherals
- Plug in the device
- Reboot PC; install device drivers
- Test device
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- Serial ports (115.2 Kbps)
- Parallel ports (1.5 Mbps)
- USB ports
- Hi-Speed 480 Mbps
- Original 12 Mbps
- IEEE 1394 ports (1.2 Gbps)
- Expansion slots
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- Transmit data in single bits
- Identified by counting the pins
- Almost always male
- Intended for input and output devices
- Configurable for COM1, COM2, COM3, or COM4
- Port assignments are made in CMOS setup
- Conforms to standard interface called RS-232c
- Data Terminal Equipment (DTE) and Data Communications Equipment (DCE)
designations
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- Special cable (null modem cable or modem eliminator) enables data
transmission between two DTE devices without the need for modems
- Null modem cable has several wires cross-connected to simulate modem
connection
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- Use resources of a serial port for communication
- Create a virtual infrared serial port and virtual infrared port for
infrared devices
- Sometimes motherboard provides 5-pin connection for its own proprietary
IrDA-compliant infrared transceiver
- Industry is moving away from infrared and toward other wireless
technologies because of line-of-sight issue
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- Controls all nine pins of a serial port
- Establishes communications protocol
- Converts parallel data bits coming from the system bus into serial bits
for transmission
- Converts incoming serial data bits it receives into parallel form needed
by the system bus
- UART 16550 driver is built into all Windows operating systems
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- Transmit data in parallel, eight bits at a time
- Almost always female
- Originally intended for printers; now also used for input devices
- Cable should be no longer than 10 feet to avoid loss of integrity of
data
- Can be configured as LPT1, LPT2, or LPT3
- Port assignments are made in CMOS setup
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- Standard parallel port (SPP)
- Allows data to flow in only one direction
- Slowest of the three types
- Enhanced Parallel Port (EPP)
- Extended Capabilities Port (ECP)
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- Setup can have up to three different settings for parallel ports
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- Designed to make installation of slow peripheral devices as effortless
as possible
- Much faster than regular serial ports
- Use higher-quality cabling with four wires—two for power and two for
communication
- Easier to manage; eliminate need to manually resolve resource conflicts
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- Expected to ultimately replace serial and parallel ports
- Allow for hot-swapping; are hot-pluggable
- Most current motherboards have one to four USB ports
- Managed by a USB host controller
- As many as 127 USB devices can be daisy-chained together using USB
devices
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- Requirements
- Motherboard or expansion card that provides a USB port
- OS that supports USB
- USB device
- USB device driver
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- Also called FireWire or i.Link
- Provide either a 4-pin or 6-pin connector
- Transmit data serially; faster than USB
- Support data speeds as high as 1.2 Gbps
- Use only one set of system resources
- Use isochronous data transfer
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- Are hot-pluggable
- Likely to replace SCSI for high-volume, multimedia external devices
- Devices can be daisy-chained together and managed by a host controller
using a single set of system resources
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- PCI bus is now the standard local I/O bus
- PCI bus runs in sync with CPU
- Devices connected to PCI local bus can run at one speed while CPU runs
at a different speed
- Often used for fast I/O devices (eg, network cards or SCSI host
adapters)
- PCI controller manages system resources for all PCI cards
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- Supports bus mastering
- Uses interim interrupt between PCI card and the IRQ line to CPU
- Device Manager determines which IRQ has been assigned to a PCI device
- PCI bus IRQ steering can help solve problem of not having enough IRQs to
support all devices
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- Microchannel Architecture (MCA) bus
- EISA (Extended ISA) bus
- Designed to compete with MCA bus
- Has a 32-bit data path
- Speed is about 20 MHz
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- Configuration is not automated
- ISA bus does not manage system resources, as do USB and PCI bus masters
- ISA device must request system resources at startup
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- Solving problems with legacy hardware
- Solving problems with legacy drivers
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- Traditional straight design or ergonomic design
- Two technologies for keys making contact
- Foil contact
- Metal contact
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- PS/2 connector (or mini-DIN)
- Small, round, with six pins
- DIN connector
- USB port
- Wireless connection
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- Usually means plugging in keyboard and turning on PC
- System BIOS manages the keyboard, so no keyboard drivers are necessary
(except for wireless keyboards)
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- A few keys don’t work
- Keyboard does not work at all
- Key continues to repeat after being released
- Keys produce wrong characters
- Major spills on keyboard
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- Serial port
- Dedicated round mouse port
- Mouse bus card
- USB port
- Y-connection with the keyboard
- Cordless technology
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- Remove cover
- Clean rollers with cotton swab dipped in small amount of liquid soap
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- Check mouse port connection; check for dust or dirt; reboot PC
- Try new mouse
- Uninstall and reinstall mouse driver; reboot PC
- Reboot PC and select logged option from startup menu to create
Bootlog.exe file; continue to boot and check log for errors
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- Necessary components for video output
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- Rated by screen size, resolution, refresh rate, and interlace features
- Most meet standards for Super VGA
- Use CRT (cathode-ray tube) or LCD (liquid crystal display) technology
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- Monitors and ELF (extremely low frequency) emissions
- Flat panel monitors
- Active-matrix
- Dual-scan passive matrix
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- To increase size of Windows desktop
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- Quality of video subsystem is rated according to how it affects overall
system performance, video quality (eg, resolution and color),
power-saving features, and ease of use and installation
- Main features to look for
- Bus it uses (VESA, PCI, or AGP)
- Amount of video RAM it has or can support
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- Type of video card that has its own processor to boost performance
- Features reduce burden on motherboard CPU (eg, MPEG decoding, 3-D
graphics, dual porting, color space conversion, interpolated scaling,
EPA Green PC support)
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- Dual-ported memory (eg, video RAM)
- WRAM (window RAM)
- SGRAM (synchronous graphics RAM)
- 3-D RAM
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- Power light (LED) does not go on; no picture
- Power LED light is on; no picture on power-up
- Power on, but monitor displays wrong characters
- Monitor flickers and/or has wavy lines
- No graphics display or screen goes blank when loading certain programs
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- Screen goes blank 30 seconds or one minute after keyboard is left
untouched
- Poor quality color display
- Picture out of focus or out of adjustment
- Crackling sound
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- Configuring or changing monitor settings and drivers in Windows 9x
- Changing video driver configuration
- Returning to standard VGA settings
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- Procedures and guidelines common to most installations of I/O devices
- How to use serial, parallel, USB, and IEEE 1394 ports, as well as
expansion slots
- Essential I/O devices for a PC:
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