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- About the types of motherboards
- About components on the motherboard
- A basic procedure for building a computer
- How to install a motherboard
- How to troubleshoot a motherboard
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- Houses the CPU
- Allows all devices to communicate with the CPU and with each other
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- CPU and chip set
- System clock
- ROM BIOS
- CMOS configuration chip and its battery
- RAM
- RAM cache (optional)
- System bus with expansion slots
- Jumpers and DIP switches
- Ports that are directly on the board
- Power supply connections
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- CPU
- ROM BIOS chip
- CMOS battery
- RAM
- RAM cache
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- Types and speeds of CPU
- Chip set on the board (already installed)
- Memory cache and size
- Types/number of expansion slots: ISA, PCI, AGP
- Type of memory, including what kind and how much SRAM and DRAM (SIMMs,
DIMMs, or RIMMs)
- Maximum amount of memory you can install; incremental amounts by which
you can upgrade
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- Type of case you can use
- ROM BIOS (already installed)
- Type of keyboard connector
- Presence/absence of proprietary video and/or proprietary local bus slots
- Presence/absence of IDE adapters and SCSI controller
- Presence/absence of COM ports, LPT ports, and mouse port
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- Provides most room for expansion
- Suits needs of current configuration
- Meets present needs with moderate room for expansion
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- Designed so long expansion cards don’t get in the way of CPU or other
devices?
- Support CPU you plan to use?
- What type of BIOS does it use?
- What bus speeds and type memory does it support; how much memory can it
hold?
- Does it use many embedded devices?
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- Does it fit the case?
- Does it support your legacy cards?
- What is the warranty?
- Extensive user-friendly documentation?
- How much support does manufacturer supply?
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- Keeps beat for motherboard activities
- Frequency measured in megahertz (MHz)
- Wait state
- Occurs when CPU must wait for another component
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- IBM and IBM-compatible computers use a microprocessor chip made by Intel
or AMD, and to a lesser degree by Cyrix
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- Speed (in gigahertz)
- Efficiency of programming code
- Number of transistors
- Number of registers
- Word size
- Data path
- Maximum number of memory addresses
- Amount of memory included
- Multiprocessing abilities
- Special functionality
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- Pentium processor
- A true multiprocessor (has two ALUs)
- 64-bit external path size and two 32-bit internal paths (one for each
ALU)
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- Bus speed
- Frequency/speed at which data moves on a bus
- Only the fastest bus connects directly to CPU
- Processor speed
- Speed at which CPU operates internally
- The multiplier
- System bus speed x multiplier = processor speed
- Memory cache
- Small amount of RAM that is fast and does not need refreshing
- Can hold data as long as power is available
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- Internal cache, primary cache, or Level 1 cache
- External cache, secondary cache, or Level 2 cache
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- Intel’s first 64-bit processor for microcomputers
- Designed for high-end enterprise servers
- Uses a new instruction set called the EPIC (explicitly parallel
instruction computing) architecture
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- Heat sinks
- Used by older CPUs to pull heat away from the CPU
- Clip-on device that mounts on top of the CPU
- Cooling fans
- Keep temperatures below the Intel maximum limit of
185 degrees F/85 degrees C
- Exotic options: refrigeration, peltiers, water coolers
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- SECC (Single Edge Contact Cartridge)
- SECC2 (Single Edge Contact Cartridge, version 2)
- SEP (Single Edge Processor)
- PPGA (Plastic Pin Grid Array)
- PGA (Pin Grid Array)
- OOI/OLGA (Organic Land Grid Array)
- FC-PGA (Flip Chip Pin Grid Array)
- FC-PGA2 (Flip Chip Pin Grid Array 2)
- PAC (Pin Array Cartridge)
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- Physical connections used to connect CPU to motherboard
- Motherboard and processor must match
- Slots 1 and 2 are proprietary Intel slots
- Slot A and Socket A are proprietary AMD connectors
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- Earlier CPU sockets
- Pin grid array (PGA) sockets
- Staggered pin grid array (SPGA)
- Low insertion force (LIF) sockets
- Current CPU sockets
- Zero insertion force (ZIF) sockets; small lever on side of socket lifts
CPU up and out of socket
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- Controls the amount of voltage to the CPU
- Dual-voltage CPUs and single-voltage CPUs
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- Set of chips on system board that collectively controls memory cache,
external buses, and some peripherals
- Intel dominates the market
- Most compatible with Pentium family of CPUs
- Investment in R&D has led to other developments (eg, PCI bus,
universal serial bus, AGP, and Accelerated Hub Architecture)
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- “E” chipset family
- Intel i800 Series
- Orion
- Natoma
- Triton III
- Triton II
- Triton I
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- One ROM chip on motherboard contains BIOS
- BIOS manages startup process (startup BIOS) and basic I/O functions
(system BIOS)
- Most devices are not supported by system BIOS, but by device drivers
- Flash ROM (erasable programmable read-only memory or EEPROM) allows ROM
BIOS to be upgraded without changing ROM chip
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- PCs have four or five buses, each with different speeds, access methods,
and protocols
- Buses evolved around data path and speed
- So many buses because single speed is not practical
- Buses carry electrical power, control signals, memory addresses, and
data
- On-board ports (eg, keyboard port and mouse port)
- Expansion slots can be located on motherboard; sometimes stacked
vertically on a second board
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- Overall performance is better when multiplier is small
- Change speed of a computer by:
- Changing speed of system bus, or
- Changing multiplier that determines speed of CPU
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- Tells CPU what hardware components are present and how they can
interface with the CPU
- How much memory is available
- Which power management features are present
- Whether disk drives, hard drives, modems, serial ports are connected
- Provided on motherboard in three ways
- DIP switches
- Jumpers
- CMOS
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- Also called real-time clock/nonvolatile RAM (RTC/NVRAM) chip
- Retains data even when computer is turned off
- Requires very little electricity to hold data
- Setup cannot be changed unintentionally, but disk drive must be working
before you can change the setup
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- Types of CMOS batteries
- 3.6V lithium battery with a four-pin connector; connects with a Velcro
strip
- 4.5V alkaline battery with a four-pin connector; connects with a Velcro
strip
- 3.6V barrel-style battery with a two-pin connector; soldered on
- 3V lithium coin-cell battery (most common)
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- Setting startup passwords in CMOS
- Categories of CMOS settings
- Standard CMOS setup
- Advanced CMOS setup (aka BIOS Features setup)
- Advanced Chip Set Setup
- Power Menu (aka Power Management)
- IDE HDD Auto-detect
- Hardware Device Settings (on “jumperless” motherboards only)
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- Keep written record of CMOS settings, records of hardware and software
installed, and network settings
- Keep well-labeled documentation in a safe place
- Saving and restoring CMOS settings using a third-party utility software
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- Verify that you have all parts you plan to install
- Prepare computer case
- Install drives
- Determine proper configuration settings for motherboard
- Set jumpers or switches on motherboard
- Install CPU and CPU cooler
- Install RAM
- Install motherboard and attach cabling
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- Install video card
- Plug computer into power source; attach monitor and keyboard
- Boot system and enter CMOS setup
- Make sure settings are set to the default
- If booting from a floppy disk, insert a bootable setup disk
- Observe POST
- Prepare hard drive for the OS
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- Reboot the system and run ScanDisk on drive C
- Connect mouse
- Install the OS from CD or floppy
- Change boot order in CMOS
- Check for conflicts with system resources
- Install any other expansion cards, and/or drives
- Verify that all is operating properly; make final OS and/or CMOS
adjustments
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- Prepare motherboard to go into the case
- Set jumpers
- Add CPU, fan, and heat sink
- Install motherboard in the case
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- Install faceplate
- Install standoffs
- Place motherboard inside case and use screws to attach it to the case
- Connect power cord from power supply to P1 power connection on
motherboard
- Connect wire leads from front panel of case to motherboard (reset
switch, HDD LED, speaker, power LED, remote switch)
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- Install drives and other components
- Turn on system and make sure everything is connected properly
- Set configuration data and create rescue desk of settings
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- Look for clues from POST
- Reports errors as beep codes
- Cautiously substitute good hardware components for those you suspect are
bad
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- How the components of a computer work in harmony and with accuracy
- The motherboard
- Central site of computer logic circuitry
- Location of most important microchip in the computer, the CPU
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