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- That a computer requires both hardware and software to work
- About the many different hardware components inside and connected to a
computer
- How the CPU works and how it communicates with other devices
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- Hardware
- Physical components of the computer (monitor, keyboard, memory chips,
hard drive)
- Software
- Set of instructions that directs hardware to accomplish a task
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- Technology of storing and reading only two values: on and off
- Bits and bytes
- Originated in the 1940s by John Atanasoff
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- Input/output devices: outside computer case
- Processing and storage components: inside the case
- Elements required by hardware devices to operate:
- Method for CPU to communicate with it
- Software to instruct and control it
- Electricity to power it
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- Connects to computer case by ports
- Most popular input devices:
- Most popular output devices:
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- Motherboard (contains CPU, memory, etc.)
- Floppy drive, hard drive, and CD-ROM drive (permanent storage)
- Power supply with cords supplying electricity to all devices inside the
case
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- Circuit boards (used by CPU to communicate with devices inside/outside
the case)
- Contain microchips, which are most often manufactured using CMOS
(complementary metal-oxide semiconductor) technology
- Cables that connect devices to circuit boards and the motherboard
- Data cables
- Power cables (or power cords)
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- Communicate with CPU but are not located directly on the motherboard
- Some are linked by expansion cards in expansion slots on the motherboard
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- Largest, most important circuit board in the computer
- Contains the CPU, with which all devices must communicate:
- Installed directly on the motherboard
- Linked by a cable connected to a port on the motherboard
- Indirectly linked by expansion cards
- Also called the main board or system board
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- For processing:
- For temporary storage:
- Electrical system:
- For communication with other devices:
- Traces
- Expansion slots
- System clock
- Programming and setup data:
- Flash ROM
- CMOS setup chip
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- Most important chip (the microprocessor)
- Performs most of actual data processing
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- Controls flow of data and instructions to and from the CPU
- Provides careful timing of activities
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- IBM-compatible PCs
- Intel Corporation
- AMD
- VIA
- SiS
- Cyrix
- Macintosh (Apple Computer, Inc.)
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- Temporary (primary storage, or memory)
- Temporarily holds data and instructions while processing them
- Faster to access than permanent storage
- Permanent (secondary storage)
- Data and instructions must be copied into primary storage (RAM) for
processing
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- Memory, or RAM, located on motherboard and other circuit boards
- Volatile versus nonvolatile (or ROM) memory
- Common types of boards that hold memory chips
- SIMMs (single inline memory modules)
- DIMMs (dual inline memory modules)
- RIMMs (memory modules manufactured by Rambus, Inc.)
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- Hard disks
- Floppy disks
- Zip drives
- CD-ROMs
- DVDs
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- Uses EIDE (Enhanced Integrated Drive Electronics) technology
- Motherboard can accommodate up to four IDE devices on one system
- IDE provides two connectors on a motherboard for two data cables
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- The bus
- System of pathways used for communication and the protocol and methods
used for transmission
- Includes a data bus, address bus, and control bus
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- Synchronizes activity on the motherboard
- Sends continuous pulses over the bus that are used by different
components to control the pace of activity
- Frequency of activity is measured in MHz,
or 1 million cycles per second
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- Lines of a bus, including data, instruction, and power lines, often
extend to the expansion slots
- Types of expansion slots
- PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect)
- For high-speed input/output devices)
- AGP (Accelerated Graphics Port)
- ISA (Industry Standard Architecture)
- Used by older and/or slower devices)
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- Enable CPU to connect to external device or to a network
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- Power supply
- Most important component of computer’s electrical system
- Converts/reduces electricity to voltage the computer can handle
- Runs a fan directly from electrical output voltage to cool inside of
computer case
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- ROM BIOS
- Holds software needed to start up PC and begin loading an OS
- Most are flash ROM
- CMOS chip
- Stores setup (configuration) information
- Setup information can also be set by means of jumpers and DIP (dual
inline package) switches
- Powered by a battery on motherboard when power is off
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- Responsible for most processing
- Depends on chip set, system clock, and buses to move data to and from
I/O devices, memory, and secondary storage
- Only two states: on and off
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- Input/output (I/O) unit
- Manages data/instructions entering/leaving CPU
- One or more arithmetic logic units (ALU)
- Does all comparisons and calculations
- Control unit
- Manages all activities inside CPU itself
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- Registers hold data and instructions while it processes them
- Memory cache holds data and instructions just before they are processed
- Internal bus runs at different speed than external bus
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- CPU accesses memory by way of the data bus
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- System clock control line
- Provides timing for motherboard components
- Interrupt request (IRQ) lines
- Used by devices to get CPU’s attention; assigned at startup
- Read/write control lines
- How to use address on address bus (read or write operation)
- I/O control lines
- How to use address lines (memory addresses or I/O addresses)
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- With computers, everything is binary; every process is a series of zeros
and ones
- Decimal and hexadecimal notations are two shorthand ways of displaying
binary numbers
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- Hexadecimal notation (hex)
- Shorthand way to display long binary numbers; easier for humans to understand
- Built on multiples of sixteen
- ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) standard
- Has assigned an 8-bit code for letters, symbols, and other characters
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- An introduction to the inside of the computer
- Initial insight into how hardware components of a computer system work
- How a CPU works and communicates with other devices
- Understanding binary
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