1
|
|
2
|
- Treat Diabetes
- Lower Blood Sugar
|
3
|
- Two Main Hormones
- Insulin-Islets of Langerhans Beta Cells
- Glucagon-Islets of Langerhans Alpha Cells
|
4
|
- Excess Glucose is stored in the liver as GLYCOGEN
- When the body needs glucose GLYCOGEN is converted back to glucose using
the hormone GLUCAGON
|
5
|
- Insulin
- Cortisol
- Epinephrine
|
6
|
- Lowers Blood Sugar
- By taking the excess glucose from the blood and places it in the liver
for storage. This keeps the glucose from the kidney
|
7
|
- Stimulates metabolism of carbohydrates and transports glucose to the
cell
|
8
|
- Inhibits the release of fatty acids from the adipose cells
|
9
|
- Stimulates protein synthesis in muscle
|
10
|
- Protein Hormone
- Secreted Beta Cells-Pancreas
- 1-2 Units per hour
- 4-6 Units per meal
- 1 units x 24hrs +
- 4 units x 3 meals
|
11
|
- Too much Glucose in the Blood
- Fasting FPG of 126mg/dl
- Also written as FBS>126mg/dl
- Common Cause: Diabetes Mellitus
|
12
|
- Disorder of Carbohydrate Metabolism
- Deficiency of Insulin
- Insulin Resistance
- Or BOTH deficiency and resistance
|
13
|
- Results from an autoimmune disorder that destroys pancreatic beta cells
- Also called Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus IDDM
|
14
|
- 10% of people
- Starts before age of 20
- Sudden Onset
- Severe symptoms
- Difficult to control
|
15
|
- Disorder of Carbohydrate Metabolism
- Glucosuria
- Polydipsia
- Polyuria
- Polyphagia
|
16
|
- 80% are obese
- 10% non-obese
- 10% unstable may look more like Type 1
|
17
|
|
18
|
- Commercial Insulin
- Has the same effect as endogenous insulin
|
19
|
- Patients who’s Beta Cells become
- Overwhelmed: Disease
- Exhausted: Stress or Drugs
- Destroyed: Virus, Cancer,
|
20
|
- Insulin preparations
- Onset of action
- Duration of action
- Degree of purity
- Source
|
21
|
- Short Acting
- Intermediate Acting
- Long Acting
- Humulin U
- Lantus= no peaks
- Mixtures
- Humulin 70/30 = 70
Units NPH 30
Units Regular
|
22
|
- Fasting Blood Sugar
- Urinalysis
- Accu check
- Hemaglobin A1C
|
23
|
- Sulfonylureas
- Biguanides
- Glitazones
|
24
|
- Increase secretion of insulin in the pancreas
|
25
|
- Glucotrol
- Give 1/2 hour before meals
- Watch for hypoglycemia
- Watch for hepatotoxicity
|
26
|
- Increase the use of glucose by muscles and fat cells
|
27
|
- Glucophage
- No hypoglycemia
- Absorbed in small intestine = Flatus
- Monitor for Lactic Acidosis = severe elevation of lactate = end product of glycolysis
|
28
|
- Decrease Insulin Resistance … Increase sensitivity
- Stimulate receptors on muscle, fat and liver cells
- Increase effectiveness of circulating insulin
|
29
|
- Avandia
- Sensitizes the body to it’s own insulin
- Helps insulin work better
|
30
|
- When is it necessary to elevate blood sugar?
|
31
|
- What is the Blood Sugar?
- Is the client NPO?
- When will the client eat?
- What type of antidiabetic agent has the client had in the last 24 hours?
- When is the onset of action?
- When is the peak action?
- Side effects?
|
32
|
- Know your medications
- Ask questions
- Observe for hypoglycemia
|