Potter and Perry
Chapter 1: Health and Wellness
Townsend
Chapter 1 Mental Health and Mental
Illness
Definition of Health
•
A state of complete physical, mental, and social well
being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity (WHO, 1947)
•
A state of being that people define in relation to
their own values, personality, and lifestyle
Models of Health and Illness
•
Health-Illness
Continuum Modelel
–
Health Belief
Modelef Positive health behaviors
–
Negative health
behaviors
•
Health Promotion
Model
•
Holistic Health
Model
Mental Health/Mental Illness
Definitions of Mental Health
•
American Psychiatric Association (APA 1980)
“Simultaneous success at working, loving, and creating
with the capacity for mature and flexible resolution of conflicts between
instincts, conscience, important other people, and reality”.
Mental Health (cont.)
•
Defined by Townsend (2003) as:
“The successful
adaptation to stressors from the internal or external environment, evidenced by
thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that are age-appropriate and congruent with
local and cultural norms.”
Mental Health
Maslow identified:
•
A
“hierarchy of needs”
•
Self-actualization as fulfillment of
one’s
highest potential
Qualities of Self-Actualized Person
•
Accurate
perception of reality
•
Acceptance of
self and others
•
Spontaneity and
Creativity
•
Able to problem
solve-focus
•
Able to tolerate
privacy and alone time
•
Autonomy-
independence and healthy non-conformance
•
Has “peak”
experiences that validate the beauty of life
•
Satisfying
relationships
•
Personal
integrity and ethics
Other Aspects of Mental Health
•
Emotionally
intelligent
•
Sense of
spirituality
•
Resiliency-
The ability to emerge and grow from negative life events.
•
Give examples
from your own experiences or from the lives of people you know Ex. Christopher Reeves…
Healthy People 2010
•
A nationally focused initiative toward better health
for the American people
•
Meant to inspire health promotion programs
•
Goal is to increase the quality and years of life and
eliminate the nation’s health disparities
Variables Influencing Health Beliefs and Practices
•
An individual’s beliefs
–
Health beliefs:
a person’s ideas and attitudes about health
–
Health practices: those activities that people do in
order to care for themselves
Internal and External Variables
•
Variables can influence how a person thinks, acts, and
responds to an illness.
Internal Variables
•
Developmental
stage
•
Intellectual
background
•
Emotional factors
•
Spiritual factors
External Variables
•
Family practices
•
Socioeconomic
factors
•
Cultural
background
Health Promotion, Wellness, and Illness Prevention
•
Passive strategies: individuals gain from activities of
others without their own active participation
•
Active strategies: motivate the individual to adopt health
programs
Levels of Prevention
•
Primary prevention: true prevention
•
Secondary prevention: directed at diagnosis and
intervention of those who are experiencing health problems or illnesses
•
Tertiary prevention: directed at rehabilitation of those
clients with permanent and irreversible disease or disability
Risk Factors
•
Variables that increase the vulnerability of an
individual or group to an illness or accident
•
Categories of risk factors
–
Genetic and physiological factors
–
Age
–
Environment
–
Lifestyle
Risk Factor Modification and Changing Health Behaviors
•
Identify risk
factors in health promotion, wellness education, and illness prevention
•
Implement risk
modification, health promotion, or illness prevention activities
Illness
•
A state in which a person’s physical, emotional,
intellectual, social, developmental, or spiritual functioning is diminished or
impaired
•
Acute illness: short term and severe
•
Chronic illness: persists over a period of time
Illness Behavior
•
Involves how people behave or respond to illness
•
Internal variables
–
Client’s perception of symptoms
–
Nature of illness
•
External variables influencing a client’s illness:
social support, cultural background, economic status, and accessibility to health
care system
Mental Illness
Mental Illness
•
Paraphrase of
American Psychiatric Association (2000)
There are significant behavioral or
psychological patterns associated with distress (painful symptoms) or even
disability (impact on functioning) and/or
an increased risk of suffering or death.
Mental illnesses are real illness with
biological causes manifesting in behaviors, thoughts, and feelings and
interfere with relationships and function.
Mental Illness
•
Defined in Townsend (2003) as:
“Maladaptive
responses to stressors from the internal or external environment, evidenced by
thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that are incongruent with the local and
cultural norms and interfere with the individual’s social, occupational, or
physical functioning.”
Give examples:
Classification of Mental Illnesses
•
There are specific, diagnostic criteria listed for each of the psychiatric
disorders which you will learn at a later time.
•
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental
Disorders, 4th Edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR) is the resource
for mental illness diagnoses.
Impact of Illness on
Client and Family
•
The client and
family commonly experience behavioral and emotional changes as well as changes
in:
–
Body image
–
Self-concept
–
Family roles
–
Family dynamics
All Done! Questions
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